外文文献翻译一绿色壁垒.docx
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外文文献翻译一绿色壁垒
外文翻译一:
TechnicaltradebarrierscouldsourChinaties
ContenmporaryEconomicResearch2004,(05)
WUZhen
Withtheinternationalsocietyforenvironmentalprotectionofthepeopleenvironmentalprotectionconsciousnesswideattentionandtheunceasingenhancement,thewest
Manycountriesusetheparty,inthiseraofinternationaltradetransactionsofanewkindofnon-tariffmeasures-greentradebarriers,tolimittheothercountriestogettheirproductsintothebestinterestsofforeigntrade.Thegreentradebarriersisadouble-edgedsword,forChina'seconomyandthedevelopmentofenvironmentalprotectionindustry,challenginghasopportunity.Therefore,ourcountryshouldbeinoppositiontohighlevelsofenvironmentalstandards,atthesametime,andtoadapttotheinternationaltrendofenvironmentalprotection,andadoptfeasiblemeasurestopromotethesustainabledevelopmentofChina'sforeigntrade.
Chineseties
ChinaannouncedatradesurplusofUS$26.9bnforJune,arecordnotjustinChina,butworldwide.Exportsgrewby27.1%yearonyear,toUS$103.3bn,while,importgrowthfellto14.2%.TheloodofChinesegoodsonworldmarketsiscreditedwithhavingsuppressedinflationarypressuresintheglobaleconomy.Atthelocallevel,however,governmentshavecomeunderstrengtheningpressurefromdomesticbusinesssectorstohalttheflowofgoodsthaterodetheirprofitmarginsand,inextremecases,threatentheirsurvival.However,governmentsaresharplyconstrainedintheirchoiceofresponses.AsamemberoftheWTO,Chinaisprotectedfromthemostdirectmethodsforrestrictingtradeflows:
importtariffsandtradequotas.
AlternativessuchaspersuadingChinatoadoptself-imposedexportrestraintsorhigherexporttaxesareunlikelytoprosper.ThisispartlybecausethegovernmentinBeijinghasshownitselfcapableofresistinginternationalmoralsuasion.Butitisalsobecausethecentralgovernmentisnotalwaysabletoimplementcoherentpolicythatachievesspecificaimswithoutcausingproblemselsewhere.Forinstance,theannouncementlastmonththatexport-taxrebateswouldbereducedonarangeofproductsstartingonJuly1atmayhavecontributedtotheJunesurplusbyencouragingexporterstobeattherush.Restrictionsimposedonsomeproductclassificationshaveseenmanufacturerstweaktheirproductiontoputtheirproductsinanewandunrestrictedcategory.Thegovernmentalsolackscloutwhenitcomestomakingcentrally-imposedregulationsstickintheregions,wherepoliticalandbusinessinterestsareoftencloselyaligned.
barriersinfluence
Theonlyoptionremainingtogovernmentsseekingtoslowthetideofimportsisusingnon-tariffbarrierssuchastechnicalandsafetystandards.Liketariffsandquotas,theseareregulatedbytheWTO,buttherulesallownationalgovernmentsmuchgreaterleewayintheiruse,aslongastheymatchthestandardsappliedtodomesticproducersandareappliedequallyinallforeigncountries.Asaresult,thenumberofobjectionstoChineseimportsonsafety,phytosanitaryortechnicalgroundsislikelytoincreasesharplyoverthecomingyears.Theneedforsuchmeasuresisalsolikelytobecomeacentraldisputebetweendomesticactorsinaffectedeconomies,withproducersforhomemarketslobbyingagainstimporters.
AsChina’seconomicandgeopoliticalemergenceproceeds,therewillalsobegrowingpopularpressureonpoliticianstodefendnationalinterests.Iftherecentgrowthphaseintheworld’sleadingeconomiesmoderatessharplyorisreversed,pressuretoprotectdomesticjobswillalsointensify.Inbothcircumstances,barrierstotradewillofferpoliticiansaconvenientweapon.TheprotectionistswillfindtheirargumentstrengthenedbyChina’sownrecordonqualityandhealthstandards;shortcomingsinthisareahavebeenbroughtincreasinglytotheforerecently,bothathomeandabroad.
Dodgysolution
Asthelatesttradefiguresshow,attemptstoslowtheChinesejuggernaut—imposedbothfromwithinandwithout—havehadlittleimpact,andthesameislikelytobetrueofnon-tariffbarriers.Thesemayacttoslowimportsatthemargins,butgrowthinChina’slow-costmanufacturingbaseandtheslowpaceofrevaluationofthecurrencymeanthatthefloodofChinesegoodsontoworld
marketsisunlikelytobestemmed.However,risingantagonismindealingsbetweenthemajoreconomiesandChinaovertradehasimplicationsinotherareas.ThetenorofrelationsbetweenChinaandtheleadingpowersitappearsdestinedtojoinwillhelptodefinethecharacterofthenewglobalpowerstructure.
AChinathatfeelsvictimised,resentedandmisrepresentedwillbemoredefensiveandlesslikelytoengageinglobalaffairsinacooperativeway.Elsewhere,satisfyingdomesticlobbiesthreatenedbyChina’srisecouldencourageprotectionistleaningsmorebroadly,helpingtosourtheglobaltradenegotiatingprocessanddenyingtheglobaleconomythebenefitsoffreertrade.NeitherisChinadefencelessagainstanonslaughtoftechnicalbarrierstotrade;Chinahasalonghistoryofimposingretaliatory(andinsomecasesvastlydisproportionate)
phytosanitaryandsafetysanctionsoncountriesthatseektoobstructitstrade.When,in2005,SouthKoreacitedhealthconcernstobanthesaleofChineseKimchi,atraditionalKoreandishimbuedwithsemi-magicalproperties,ChinaretaliatedbythreateningimportsofcarsandmobilephonesfromKorea.JapanandtheUShavealsobeensubjecttoanumberofsuchmeasures.
外文文献一译文
技术贸易壁垒对中国的关系
来源:
当代经济研究
作者:
武振
时间:
2004,(05)
随着国际社会对环境保护的广泛关注和人们环保意识的不断增强,西方不少国家利用这一时代要求,在国际贸易交易中实行了一种新的非关税壁垒措施—绿色贸易壁垒,来限制其他国家产品的进入以获取本国对外贸易的最大利益。
绿色贸易壁垒是一把双刃剑,对我国的经济和环保产业的发展,有挑战性也有机遇。
为此,我国应在反对高水准的环境标准的同时,又要适应国际环保的大趋势,采取切实可行的措施促进我国对外贸易的可持续发展。
中国的状况
今年的6,中国宣布贸易盈余达26.9亿美元,这个记录不仅只在中国,而且是在全世界范围内。
出口增长了27.1%,达到103.3yi亿美元,但是进口下降了14.2%。
在这样的洪流中,中国商品在全球经济中有抑制通货膨胀的压力的。
然而,政府国内的企业部门加强压力阻止,削弱了他们的利润。
但是,政府也害怕他们的反应。
作为WTO中的一员,中国的保护是从最直接的方法来限制贸易流量:
进口关税及贸易配额。
替代品比如说服中国采取自我强加的出口限制或提高出口税是不可能的,这部分因为北京政府已表明他有能力抵御国际道德。
但是,这也是因为中央振幅并不总是能够实施协调一致策,而不会引起其他地方问题的具体目标。
例如,上月宣布的出口退税将在7月10日开始对各种产品减少可能是对鼓励出口商在6月的时候要多出口。
对某些产品实行的分类调整使生产厂家将他们的产品放在一个新的或无限制的分类产品里。
政府还缺乏影响力,当谈到中央实施的法规时,各地区那里的政治和商业利益往往都非常的密切配合。
壁垒产生的影响
剩下唯一的选择是向政府寻求减缓进口速度。
如技术和安全标准等非关税壁垒。
像关税和配合。
这是受世贸组织的,但规则允许各国政府在其使用有更大的回旋余地,志要他们符合适用于国内生产商的标准,并适用于所有外国同等的待遇。
因此,对中国进口的安全,植物检疫或反对人数技术理由可能在未来十年大幅上升。
对此类措施的必要性也有可能成为国内行动者受影响的经济纠纷与家庭中央对进口商游说的市场生产者。
随着中国的经济和政治产生的收益,也将有越来越多的政治家来维护国家利益。
如果最近的增长在世界主要经济体中大幅放缓或逆转以保护国内,但就业压力也将加大。
在这两种情况下,贸易障碍将提供政客一个方便的武器。
保护主义者会发现他们的论点由中国自己不断地加强质量和卫生标准,但最近这方面的缺陷也日益在国内和国外突出。
巧妙的对策
作为最新的贸易数字显示,试图延缓中国的主宰对来自内部和外部的几乎没有影响,同样有可能成为非关税贸易壁垒。
这些问题中国可能会采取行动,在边缘进口放缓,但生长在中国的低成本制造基地和货币升值步伐缓慢意味着我国商品进入世界市场的速度是不可阻挡的。
然而,上涨的主要经济体之间在和中国的贸易对抗中有影响。
主要的大国关系中似乎中国注定要加入才有助于确定新的全球权力结构的特征。
在其他地方,中国的崛起可鼓舞更多的贸易保护主义倾向的国家,从而有助于全球贸易谈判进程,否认全球经济自由贸易的好处。
中国不会对有技术壁垒的国家进行贸易冲击,中国对有植物检疫和安全制裁的国家寻求报复(在某些情况下极不相称的悠久历史),来阻碍其贸易。
当然,在2005年,韩国一起的健康问题,中国就禁止销售泡菜,韩国传统菜充满了神奇。
中国受韩国的报复,不再进口手机和汽车,使日本和美国也受到了波及。
外文文献翻译二:
CausesandCountermeasuresofGreenTradeBarrier
EconomicSurvey2009,(11)
GaoXiaoLing
Abstract:
ThegreentradebarriersisthechronicproblemofChina'sexportenterprises,toourcountrycausedgreateconomiclossestoourcountryininternationaltradeataverybadposition.Itscausesaremainlyenvironmentalissuesofglobalization,theriseofnewtradeprotectionismandnationaltechnicallevel,differencesineconomicstrength.Thesolutiontothisproblemthemosteffectivewayistheenterpriseofagreenmarketingstrategy.
Intheprocessofeconomicglobalization,tradeandclosertiesbetweentheglobalenvironment,andamajorimpactonworldeconomicdevelopment.Stateshaveintroducedavarietyofenvironmentalprotectionlaws,regulatorymeasures,however,thesemeasureshaveresultedinadefactotradebarriersindevelopingcountriesfromdevelopedcountriesandeventhechallenges,sothatourcountryininternationaltradeataverybadposition.Accordingtostatistics,jointheWTO,theimpactofgreenbarriersbytheyear2002onlythelossofChina'sexporttradevolumeofuptoabout170billionU.S.dollars.Greentradebarriersonourexports,marketsizeandexporttrade,exportgrowth,foreigntradeandexportsectors(agriculture,food,machineryandelectronicproducts,textileandapparelproducts,medicines,etc.),exportvolume,exportcosts,theeffectivenessofexportsandsoonhavebeenproducedvaryingdegreesofimpact,andeventhecredibilityofChina'sexportenterprisesandcommodities,etc.arealladverselyaffected,leadingtosomeoftheproductsofforeignconsumerconfidenceinChina'sdeclineonChina'sexportshavelong-termadverseeffects.
1.Analysisoftheformationofthegreentradebarriers
Firstofall,theglobalizationofenvironmentalproblemsistheexternalreasonfortheformationofthegreentradebarriers.Environmentallysustainabledevelopmentpathchosenbytriggeredaworldwideenvironmentalmovement,itisinenvironmentalissuesagainstthebackdropofglobalization,countriesoftheworldthroughparticipationininternationalconventions,internationalenvironmentalorganizations,aimedatprotectingthenaturalresources,ecologicalenvironmentandhumanhealth,environmentalsystemsandstandards.Thesesystemsandstandardsembodiedinthetrade,thatis,fromothercountries,productsandservicestosetupgreenbarrierstorestrictimports,therebycreatingadefactobarriers.
Second,theriseofnewtradeprotectionismistherootcauseofthegreentradebarriers.WTOtradeprotectionismdidnotmakedisappear,butincreasedcompetitionforcedthegovernmentstoreducethelevelofprotectioninthetariffmeansthecase,tofindmoreeffectivenon-tariffbarrierstoprotectdomesticmarketsandindustries.Greenbarriersreasonable,legitimatean