高中化学方程式总结.docx
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高中化学方程式总结
高中化学方程式总结(Summaryofhighschoolchemistryequations)
Summaryofhighschoolchemistryequations
I.basicclass
Non-metallicelemental(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si)
1.Oxidation:
F2+H2==2HF
F2+Xe(excess)==XeF2
2F2(overdose)
NF2+2M==2MFn(representingmostmetals)
2f2+2h2o===4hf+O2
2f2+naoh===2naf+OF2+H2O
F2+2nacl===2naf+Cl2
F2+2nabrnaf+Br2===2
F2+2nainaf+I2===2
F2+Cl2(equalvolume)==2ClF
3F2(excess)+Cl2==2ClF3
7F2+I2==2IF7
Cl2+H2===2HCL
3cl2pcl3+2p===2
Cl2+PCl3===PCl5
NaclCl2na+2===2
3cl2+2fe===2fecl3
Fecl3Cl2fecl2+2===2
Cl2+Cu===CuCl2
2cl2nabr+2===2nacl+Br2
Cl2+2nainacl+I2===2
5cl2+I2+6h2o+10===2hio3HCL
Cl2Na2S+nacl===2+S
Cl2+H2S===2HCL+S
Cl2+SO2+2h2o+2===-H2SO4HCL
Cl2+H2O2HCL+O2===2
2o2+3fe===Fe3O4
O2+K===KO2
S+H2===H2S
2s+C===CS2
S+Fe===FeS
S+2cu===Cu2S
3s+2al===Al2S3
S+zinc===ZnS
N2+3h2===2nh3
N2+3mg===Mg3N2
N2+3ca===Ca3N2
N2+3ba===Ba3N2
N2na3nna+6===2
N2+6k===2k3n
N2+6rb3nrb===2
TheP2+6h2===4ph3
P+3na===Na3P
2p+3zinc===Zn3P2
2.Reductionism
S+O2===SO2
S+O2===SO2
S+6hno3(thick)===-H2SO4no2+6+2h2o
3s+4HNO3so2(loose)===3+4no+2h2o
N2+O2===2no
4P+5O2==P4O10(oftenwrittenasP2O5)
2Pplus3X2isequalto2PX3(XisF2,Cl2,Br2).
PX3+X2===PX5
P4hno3+20(thick)===4h3po4no2+4h2o+20
C+2f2===CF4
C+2cl2===CCl4
2c+O2(small)===2co
C+O2(enough)===CO2
C===2co+CO2
C+H2O==CO+H2(generatingwatergas)
2C+SiO2===Si+2CO(madeofcoarsesilicon)
Si(coarse)+2cl===SiCl4
(SiCl4+2h2===Si(pure)+4HCL)
Si+O2===SiO2(powder)
Si+C==SiC(emery)
Si+naoh+2H2O+2h2===Na2SiO3
3.Disproportionation
Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO
(acidsuppressiondisproportionation,alkaliorlightpromotingdisproportionation)
Cl2naoh+2===NaCl+NaClO+H2O
2cl2+2Ca(OH)2==CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2h2o
3Cl2+6KOH
3s+6naoh===2na2s+Na2SO3+3h2o
4Pplus3KOH
11p+15cuso4h2o+24===5+6h3po4cu3p+15-h2so4
3c+CaO===CaC2+CO
3c+SiO2===SiC+2co
Second,thereducibilityofmetalsinglesubstance(Na,Mg,Al,Fe)
Nah2na+H2===2
4na+na2oO2===2
2na2o2na2o+O2===2
2na+O2===Na2O2
2Na+S==Na2S.
Na+2h2onaoh+H2===2
Na+2nh3nanh2+H2===2
4Na+TiCl4(melt)==4NaCl+Ti
Mg+Cl2===MgCl2
Mg+Br2===MgBr2
Mgostyle2mg+O2===2
Mg+S===theMgS
Mg+2H2O==Mg(OH)2+H2
2Mg+TiCl4(melt)==Ti+2MgCl2
Mg+2RBCL===MgCl2rb+2
Mg2+CO2mgostyle+C===2
Mg2+SiO2===2mgostyle+Si
Mg+H2S===theMgS+H2
Mg+-H2SO4===MgSO4+H2
Al2+3alcl3cl2===2
4Al+3O2==2Al2O3(passivation)
4al(Hg)o2+2+3xH2O===2(Al2O3.XH2O)+4Hg
4al+3mno2===2al2o3+3mn
2al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2cr
2al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2fe
Al2+3feo===Al2O3+3fe
2al+6HCLalcl3+3h2===2
Al2+3-h2so4===Al2(SO4)3+3h2
2al+6-h2so4(thick)===Al2(SO4)3+3so2+6h2o
(Al,Feincold,thickH2SO4,HNO3passivation)
Al+4hno(loose)===Al(NO3)3+NO+2h2o
2alnaoh+2+2h2onaalo2+3h2===2
Fe2+3br2febr3===2
Fe+I2===FeI2
Fe+S===FeS
Fe3+4h2o(g)===Fe3O4h2+4
Fe2+HCL===FeCl2+H2
Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu
Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2
Ironisnotabletocompletetetrachlorideinanacidicenvironment
It'sreducedtoasingletinFe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn.
Three,non-metallichydride(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)
1.Reducibility:
4HCL(thick)+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2+2h2o
4HCL(g)+O2cl2===2+2h2o
16kmno4HCL+2===2KCLmncl2+5cl2+8h2o+2
14HCL+KCLK2Cr2O7===2+2+3cl2crcl3+7h2o
2h2o+2f2===4hf+O2
2h2s+3o2(enough)===2so2+2h2o
2h2s+O2(small)===2s+2h2o
2h2s+SO2===3s+2h2o
H2S+-H2SO4(thick)===S+SO2+2h2o
H2s+2hno3(loose)===3s+no+42h2o
5h2s+2+3-h2so4kmno4===2mnso4+K2SO4+5s+8h2o
3h2s+K2Cr2O7+4-h2so4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3s+7h2o
H2S+4na2o2+2h2o+6===Na2SO4naoh
2nh3+3cuo===3cu+N2+3h2o
2nh3+3cl2===N2+6HCL
8nh3+3cl2===N2+6nh4cl
4nh3+3o2(pureoxygen)===2n2+6h2o
4nh3+o2===4no5+6h2o
4NH3+6NO==5N2+6HO(removeNOwithammonia)
NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2
4nah+TiCl4===Ti+4nacl+2h2
CaH2+2h2o===theCa(OH)2+2h2
2,acid:
4hf+SiO2===SiF4+2h2o
(thisreactioniswidelyusedinthedeterminationofSiO2inthesampleorsteelsample)
2hf+CaCl2===CaF2+2HCL
H2S+Fe+H2===FeS
H2S+CuCl2===CuSHCL+2
H2Sagno3+2===Ag2Shno3+2
H2S+HgCl2===HgS+2HCL
H2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS+2hno3
H2S+FeCl2===
2nh3+2nananh2+H2==2
(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3)
3.Basic:
NH3+HCl===NH4Cl
NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3
2nh3+-H2SO4===(NH4)2so4
NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl
(thisreactionisusedinindustrialpreparationofbakingsoda,soda)
4.Instability:
2hf===H2+F2
2HCL===H2+Cl2
2h2o===2h2+O2
H2o2===2h2o+O2
H2S===H2+S
2nh3===N2+3h2
Four,nonmetallicoxide
Lowpricestates:
2so2so3+O2===2
So2+O2+2h2o===2-h2so4
(thisistheenvironmentalchemicalreactionofSO2intheatmosphere.)
SO2+Cl2+2h2o+2===-H2SO4HCL
SO2+Br2+2h2o===-H2SO4gets+2
SO2+I2+2h2o===+2hi-H2SO4
SO2+NO2===SO3+NO
2nono2+O2===2
NOnaoh+NO2+2===2nano2
(usedinnitricacidindustrytoabsorbNOandNO2inexhaustgas)
2co,co2+O2===2
CO+CuO===Cu+CO2
3co+co2Fe2O3===fe2+3
CO+H2O===CO2+H2
Oxidation:
SO2+2h2s===3s+2h2o
SO3+2ki===K2SO3+I2
NO2+2ki+H2O+I2+2===NOkoh
(nostarchKIsolutioncanbeusedtoidentifybrominevaporandNO2.)
4===4no+no2+H2SSO3+H2O
2no2+Cu===4cuo+N2
TheCO2+2mgmgostyle+C===2
(CO2cannotbeusedtoextinguishfiressuchasMg,Ca,Ba,Na,K,etc.)
SiO2+2h2===Si+2h2o
SiO2+2===2mgmgostyle+Si
3,thefunctionofwater:
SO2+H2O===H2SO3
SO3+H2O===-H2SO4
3no2+H2Ohno3+NO===2
N2O5hno3+H2O===2
P2O5+H2Ohpo3===2
P2O5+3h2oh3po4===2
(P2O5iseasytoabsorbwaterandcanbeusedasagasdesiccant
P2O5+3-h2so4(thick)===2+3so3h3po4)
TheCO2+H2O===H2CO3
4.Effectsofalkalinesubstances:
SO2+2nh3+H2O===(NH4)2so3
SO2+(NH4)2so3+H2Onh4hso3===2
(thisisthereactionofthesulfuricacidplanttoreclaimSO2.
WecanuseH2SO4totreatit:
2nh4hso3+H2SO4
Theproductionofammoniumsulfateasfertilizer,SO2cycleasrawmaterialgas.
SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3+H2O
(noclarificationofSO2andCO2.)
SO3+MgOstyle===MgSO4
SO3+Ca(OH)2===CaSO4+H2O
TheCO2+2naoh(toomuch)===Na2CO3+H2O
CO2(toomuch)+NaOH===NaHCO3
TheCO2+Ca(OH)2(toomuch)===CaCO3+H2O
2(toomuch)co2+Ca(OH)2===Ca(HCO3)2
CO2+2+3h2onaalo2===2al(OH)3+Na2CO3
TheCO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H5OH+NaHCO3
CaOSiO2+===CaSiO3
SiO2naoh+2===Na2SiO3+H2O
(slow-corrodedglassatroomtemperature)
SiO2+Na2CO3===Na2SiO3+CO2
SiO2+CaCO3===CaSiO3+CO2
Five,metaloxide
1.Reductivenatureoflowpricestates:
6fe3o4feo+O2===2
FeOhno3+4===Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2h2o
2,oxidation:
Na2oNa2O2na+2===2
(thereactionwasusedtoprepareNa2O)
MgO,Al2O3haslittleoxidation,andit'shardtobereducedtoMg,Al.
UsuallybyelectrolysisofMgandAl.
Fe2O3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O.
Fe3O4h2+4===fe3+4h2o
3.Theroleofwater:
NaohNa2O+H2O===2
2na2o2+2h2o===4naoh+O2
(thisreactionisdividedintotwosteps:
Na2O2+2H2O===2NaOH+H2O2;
Thepreparationof2H2O2===2H2O+O2.
BaO2+-H2SO4(loose)===BaSO4+H2O2)
MgO+H2O==Mg(OH)2(slowreaction)
4.Effectsofacidsubstances:
Na2O+SO3===Na2SO4
Na2O+CO2===Na2CO3
HCLNa2O+2===2nacl+H2O
Co2na2o22+2===2na2co3+O2
Na2O2+H2SO4(cold,thin)==Na2SO4+H2O2
MgOstyle+SO3===MgSO4
MgOstyle+-H2SO4===MgSO4+H2O
Al2O3+3-h2so4===Al2(SO4)3+3h2o
(Al2O3isamphotericoxide:
NaohAl2O3+2===2naalo2+H2O)
FeO+2HCL===FeCl2+3h2o
Fecl3Fe2O3HCL+6===2+3h2o
Fe2O3+3h2s(g)===Fe2S3+3h2o
Fe3O4HCL+8===FeCl2fecl3+2+4h2o
Hexaoxicacid
1.Oxidation:
4hclo3+3h2s===3+4-h2so4HCL
HClO3===+HIHIO3+HCl
===3hclo+HIHIO3+3HCL
HClO+H2SO3===-H2SO4+HCl
HClO+H2O2===HCl+H2O+O2
(oxidation:
HClO>HClO2>HClO3,HClO4,
Butthick,hotHClO4isveryoxidizing
2-h2so4(thick)+C===CO2+2+2h2oso2
2-h2so4(thick)+S===3so2+2h2o
H2SO4+Fe(Al)passivationatroomtemperature
6-h2so4(thick)+2fe===Fe2(SO4)3+3so2+6h2o
2-h2so4(thick)+Cu===CuSO4+SO2+2h2o
-H2SO4(thick)gets+2===SO2+Br2+2h2o
===-H2SO4(thick)+2hiSO2+I2+2h2o
-H2SO4(loose)+Fe===FeSO4+H2
H2so32+2h2s===3s+2h2o
4hno3(thick)+C+4===CO2no2+2h2o
6hno3(thick)+S+6===-H2SO4no2+2h2o
5hno3(thick)+P===H3PO4+5no2+H2O
6hno3+F