NAATI 题库3英文.docx

NAATI 题库3英文.docx

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NAATI题库3英文

OutsourcingQuestionsAnswered

Thesimpleanswertothequestionof“Whatistooimportanttooutsource?

”is“Whatevermakesyourbusinessunique”.Toputitanotherway,“Whatevergivesyourbusinessitscompetitiveadvantage?

”Everythingelseshouldbeconsiderednon-coreandthenthequestioniscanIdothisfunctionusinginhouseresourcesbetter,morecosteffectivelyandwithlessriskthananexternalserviceprovider?

Itisoftenwrongtoassumethatthereismoreriskgettinganexternalprovidertoperformcertainbusinessactivitiesthankeepingtheminhouse.Agoodanalogyisthatmostpeopleintheirpersonalliveschoosetooutsourcethediagnosisandtreatmentoflifethreateningsituationstomedicalpractitioners,ratherthankeepingitin-house,becausewerightlybelievethatanexternalserviceproviderofferslessriskthandoingitourselves.

Inmyexperience,themajorrisksinvolvedinoutsourcingcriticalprojectsisthattheactivitiesthattheoutsourceriscontractedtoperformbecomedisconnectedfromthecriticalbusinessoutcomestheywereoriginallysetuptosupport.ThistypicallycomesaboutbecausethetraditionaloutsourcingmodelasdepictedinFigure1belowhasseenenterprisesretainresponsibilityforbusinessoutcomes,whilstgivingcontroloftheactivitiesthatdeterminethesebusinessoutcomestoanexternaloutsourcingcompany.

Theproblemwiththisapproachisthatbusinessesarerarelystaticandoverthetypicallengthofanoutsourcedproject,businesseschangeandevolve,leadingtoadisconnectbetweentheoutcomesabusinessrequiresovertimeandtheactivitiesthatanoutsourceriscontractedtoundertake.

LightAdvantageousforDiabetics

Sleepingwiththelightsonmaybethenextadvicefordiabeticsaccordingtoacurrentpublication.Scientistssuggestnight-timeilluminationcouldhelppreventtheonsetofdiabeticretinopathy,aconditionwhichcanresultinseverevisualimpairment.Theconditionaffectsabout25percentofpeoplewhosufferfromdiabetesandisthelargestcauseoftheonsetofadultblindnessinBritain.

Diabetescausesimpairedfunctioningofbloodcapillaries,reducingoxygensupplythroughoutthebody.Rodreceptorsintheretina,whichareresponsiblefornightvision,aremostsensitivetothischangebecausetheyhavethehighestoxygendemandofanycellinthebodyatlowlevelsofillumination.

Ahumaneyeexposedtobrightlightthentotaldarknesscanrampupitslightsensitivitybyafactorofabout100,000timesin30minutes.Thisdarkadaptationisachievedmainlybyneuralandchemicalprocessesintheretina.Rodreceptorsusedfornightvisionaresodependentuponadequateoxygensupplythatdarkadaptationofnormaleyeshasbeenreportedtobediminishedatmoderatealtitudesabovesealevelduetotheslightreductioninavailableoxygen.

Thenormaleyeisonlyjustcapableofprovidingadequateoxygentotheretinaduringnightvision.Eveninearlystagesofthedisease,diabeticssufferalackofoxygen（hypoxia）duringdarkadaptation.Thiswouldbeexpectedtooccurinthevicinityoftherods,inthedeeperlayersoftheretina,buttheretinopathydevelopsnearertothesurfaceoftheretina.

Earthworms

Earthwormshavelongbeenassociatedwithproductivesoils.Over100yearsago,CharlesDarwindiscoveredthatearthwormscanreprocesstheirownweightinsoilandorganicmatterinoneday.Thevalueofearthwormstoagricultureliesintheirabilitytochangethephysicalandchemicalcompositionofthesoil.Physicallytheychangethesoilbyaeratingitandincreasingwaterholdingcapacity,chemicallytheycarrysoilnutrientsfromthesoilsurfacetoplantroots.?

Earthwormsmayalsoreflectenvironmentalchangesthatarenotreadilyrecognizedwithphysicalorchemicalmeasures.Theymayprovideanearlywarningofsoildegradationandcontamination.InEuropeselectedearthwormspeciesprovideasensitivemeasureofsoilpollution.?

ResearchonEarthworms

CurrentresearchintheDivisionsofCSIROLand&WaterandCSIROEntomologyisevaluatingthepotentialforimprovingsoilstructureandcropproductivitythroughthemanagementofearthworms.Objectivesoftheresearchare:

?

Todeterminethedistributionsandpopulationdynamicsofearthwormsinagriculturalsoils,especiallybeneathpastures,horticulturalandcerealcropsinsouth-easternAustralia.

Todemonstratetheeffectsofselectedearthwormsonsoilstructure,fertilityso,andplantproduction.?

Toidentifymeansofenhancingearthwormperformance,eitherbyagriculturalmanagementpracticesorintroductionofnewspecies/strains.?

Toinvestigatetheuseofcompostingwormstoreduceorganicwastesandtheuseofworm-workedwasteasasoilconditioner?

Resultssofarhavebeenpromising.Currentstudieswithselectedearthwormspecieshaveshownincreasesincerealyieldsbymorethan35%.Selectedearthwormspecieshavealsobeenshowntoimprovecropquality,withhigherlevelsofgrainprotein.

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BLOOD-THERHESUSFACTOR

Weallfallintofourmainbloodgroups:

A,B,ABandO.Thetypesrefertodifferentantigensthatsitonthesurfaceofthemillionsofredbloodcellsinourbodies.Anantigenisaproteinthatpromptsthebodytoproduceanantibody.

IfyouhavebloodtypeA,yourplasmacarriesBantibodiessothatifyoucomeintocontactwithtype-Bblood,theantibodiesseekanddestroytheBredbloodcells.Contactbetweenthetwobloodtypescanhaveseriousconsequences,includingkidneyfailureandshock.PeoplewithtypeABhavebothAandBantigenswhileOtypebloodhaveneither.

AnAustrianpathologistidentifiedthefirsttworedcellantigens,AandB,in1900.Inthe1940s,heidentifiedafurtherclassofantigen,therhesus（Rh）factor,namedafterthemonkeysinwhichthediscoverywasmade.

Rhesusfactorisintheredbloodcellsofmostpeople,butabout15percentofpeoplearerhesus-negative.Ifyouarerhesus-negativeandreceiverhesus-positiveblood,youwillproduceanti-rhesusantibodies.

Thefirsttimeisnotusuallycrucial,becausebythenthedonatedbloodisdiluted.ButifyoureceivefurthertransfusionsofRh-positiveblood,theanti-rhesusantibodieswillattackthepositivebloodcells,causingagglutinationorclumping,whichcanbefatal.

Thebiggestproblemarisesduringpregnancy.AnRh-negativewomanwithanRh-positivepartnerislikelytoconceiveanRh-positivebaby.Inlatepregnancy,smallamountsofthebaby'sblood,withitsRh-positivecells,canslipacrosstheplacentaandintothemother'sbloodstream.Themotherwillstarttoproduceanti-Rhantibodies,whichproliferateafterthebabyisborn.

EducationMustBeAPriority

Australians,whosepresentcomfortwasbuiltlargelybythesheerphysicallaboroffarmersandminers,havenottraditionallyplacedahighvalueonformaleducation.

Perhapsthoseearlyvaluesarestillreflectedinourgovernments’spendingpriorities.AccordingtoanOECDreport,Australiaspendslessoneducation（primary,secondaryandtertiary）thanmostotherWesterncountries.Canada,theUnitedStates,FranceandSweden–thekindofcountriesweliketocompareourselvesto–devoteahigherproportionoftheirgrossdomesticproducttoeducationthanwedo,eventhroughwehaveahigherproportionofschoolagechildren.Thoughitmightbeexpectedthatwewouldspendmoreoneducationbecauseofouryoungerpopulation,Australia,with24percentmorechildren,spendsabout10percentlessoneducationthanthegroup’saverage.WealsolagwellbehindmostotherOECDcountriesintheproportionofstudentsremainingatschoolpastthemandatoryage.

WorldBankstudiesofthecausesofdevelopmenthaveconcludedthateducationisthesinglemostimportantfactorinensuringahighstandardoflivingforacountryanditsindividuals.Thatbeingso,theOECDfindingsarecauseforconcern.Admittedly,thereportisbasedon1986–87figures,andsincethentherehasbeenaverysignificantimprovementintheschoolretentionrateandaslightimprovementineducationfunding.ButtherelativelylowprioritystillaccordedtoeducationonAustralia’sspendinglistindicatesaremarkableshort-sightedness.

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Hyperactivitydrugsandcocaineuse

CONTROVERSYhasflaredupagainovertheclaimthatthedrugsusedtotreathyperactivechildren"prime"themtoabusecocaine.Thelateststudiessuggestthatdrugtreatmentactuallymakeschildrenwithattentiondeficit-hyperactivitydisorderlesslikelytobecomecocaineusers.

ChildrenwithADHD-mostlyboys-constantlyfidgetandstruggletoconcentrate.Theirsymptomscanbeeasedbycertainstimulantdrugs,themostcommonbeingRitalin.Butin1995,brainscanssuggestedthatthedistributionofRitalininthebrainwasjustlikethatofcocaine.Sincethen,researchershavebeenstudyingchildrenwithADHDtoseeifthereisalinkbetweendrugtreatmentandlatercocaineabuse.

Worryingly,astudyofmorethan5000childrenwithADHDdonebytheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleysuggestedthatthosewhotookRitalinwerethreetimesmorelikelytousecocaineinadulthood.Buttheresultshavestillnotbeenpublishedandotherresearchershavearguedthatthegroupwhoweretreatedwithdrugsmayhavebeendifferent-forinstance,theirADHDmayhavebeenmoresevere.

ResearchersattheMassachusettsGeneralHospitalhavenowinvestigatedtheuseofalcohol,tobacco,marijuana,hallucinogensandcocaineinwhattheyclaimisabetterdefinedgroupofboyswithADHD.Alltheboyswereatleast15yearsold,andthosewhotookdrugsforthedisorderhaddonesoforanaverageoffouryears.Drugtreatmentseemedtoreducetheriskofillegaldrugabuseby8