现代语言学名词解释.docx
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现代语言学名词解释
现代语言学名词解释
现代语言学
一绪论
1Linguisitics:
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescienticstudyoflanguage
2Phonetics:
Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticsmunicationiscalledphonetics.Forexample,vowelsandconsonants
3Phonology”:
Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedinmunicationiscalledphonology.Forexample,phone,phoneme,andallophone.
4Morphology:
Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.Forexample,boyand“ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.
5Syntax:
Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarebinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.Foresample,”Johnlikelinguistics.”
6Semantics:
Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.Forexample,:
Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.”Thesealcouldnotbefound,Thekingbecameworried.”Herethewordsealmeansdifferentthings.
7Pragmatics:
Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.Forexample,“Ido”Theworddomeansdifferentcontext.
8Sociolinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.Forexample,regionaldialects,socialvariationinlanguage.
9Psycholinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetoworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.
二音系学
1Phonetics:
Thestudyofsoundsthatareusedinlinguisticmunicationiscalledphonetics.
2Phonology:
Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedinmunicationiscalledphonology.
3Phone:
Phonecanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegement.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning;somedo,somedon’t.
4Phoneme:
Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.
5allophone:
Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.
6plementarydistribution:
Thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeinpkenebtarydistribution.
7Minimalpair:
Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegementwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.
8Stress:
Whenacertainsyllableofawordisstressed,itmeansthatthesyllableisprouncedwithgreatforcethantheotherorothers.
9tones:
Tonesarepitchvariation,whicharecausedbythedifferentratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikephoneme;therefore,thetoneisasuprasegementalfeature.
10intonation:
Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Intonationplaysanimportantroleinconveyingmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish{$isbest}
三形态学
1morphology:
Morphologyisabranchofgrammerwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
2inflectionalmorphology:
Inflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflectionsofword-formation.
3derivationalmorphology:
Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.
4morpheme:
Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.
5freemorpheme:
Freemorphemearethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselcesorinbinationwithothermorphemes.
6boundmorpheme:
Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobebinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.
7root:
Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbebinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.
8affix:
Affixesareoftwotypes:
inflectionalandderivational.
9prefix:
Prefixoccuratthebeginningofaword.
10suffix:
Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.
11derivation:
Derivationaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreataword.Derivationcanbeviewedastheaddingofaffixestostemtoformneswords.
12pounding:
Likederivation,poundingisanotherpopularandimportantwayofformingnewwordsinEnglish.poundingcanbeviewedasthebinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatnewwords.
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四句法学
1linguisticpetence:
skydefinespetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticmunication.
2sentence:
Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallyprisesanumberofwordstoformapletestatementquestionormand.
3transformationrules:
Syntacticmovementisgovernedbytransformationalrules.Theoperationofthetransformationalrulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.
4D-structure:
Asentencemayhavetwolevelsofsyntacticrepresentation.Oneexistsbeforemovementtakeplace,theotheroccursaftermovementtakeplace.Informallinguisticexploration,thesetwosyntacticrepresentationaremonlytermedasD-structure.
5Moveа:
Justasthereisageneralruleforallphrasestructurerules,i,e.theX-barschema,thereisageneralmovementruleaccountingforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovement.ThismovementruleiscalledMoveа
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五语义学
1semantics:
Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.
2sense:
Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractanddecontextualized.
3reference:
Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.
4synonymy:
Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonymy.
5polysemy:
Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Awordhavingmorethanonemeaningiscalledapolysemicword.
6antonymy:
Antonymyreferstotheoppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.
7homonymy:
Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.
8hyponymy:
Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.
9ponentialanalysis:
ponentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewprdmeaning.Itwasproposedbystructuralsemanticists.
10grammaticalmeaning:
Thegrammaticalmeaningofasentencereferstoitsgrammaticality,i.e.itsgrammaticalwell-formedness.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedbythegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage.
11semanticmeaning:
Thesemanticmeaningofasentenceisgovernedbyrulescalledselectionalrestrictions.
12predication:
Insemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitiscalledpredication.Thepredicationistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.
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六语用学
1pragmatics:
Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulmunication.
2context:
Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.Generallyspeaking,itconsistsoftheknowledgethatissharedbythespeakerandthehearer.
3utterancemeaning:
Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofmunication,orsimplyinacontext.
4locutionaryact:
Alocutionaryactistheactofutterancewords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexionandphonology.
5illocutionaryact:
Anillocutionaryactistheactexpressingthespeaker’sintention;Itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.
6perlocutionaryact:
Aillocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething:
itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.
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七历史语言学
1historicallinguistics:
Historicallinguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguagechange.
2apocope:
Anotherwell-documentedsoundlossisthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegement,aphenomenoncalledapocope.
3epenthesis:
Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis.
4metathesis:
Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknownasmetathesis.
5pounding:
poundingisaprocessofbiningtwoormorewordsintoonelexicalunit.
6derivation:
Derivationreferstotheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots.
7blending:
Blendingisaprocessofforminganewwordbybiningpartsofotherwords.
8back-formation:
Back-formationisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesuffixofanexistingword.
9semanticbroadening:
Semanticbroadeningreferstotheprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbeesgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation..
10semanticnarrowing:
Semanticnarrowingisaprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbeeslessgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearliermeaning.
11semanticshift:
Semanticshiftisaprocessofsemanticchangeinwhichawordlosesitsformermeaningandacquireanew,sometimesrelated,meaning.
12protolanguage:
Itreferstoafamilyofalanguage.
Aprotolanguageistheoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexist.Theprotoformcanbereconstructedbyidentifyingandparingsimilar