1、现代语言学名词解释现代语言学名词解释现代语言学 一 绪论 1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language 2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics munication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants 3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and
2、 used in munication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”-boyish,teach-teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are bined to form sen
3、tences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7
4、Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguisti
5、cs: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.二 音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic munication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in munication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone
6、 can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some dont. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is call
7、ed phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 plementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in pkenebtary distribu
8、tion. 7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with gr
9、eat force than the other or others. 9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature. 10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound l
10、ength are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English$isbest 三 形态学 1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studi
11、es the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation. 3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation. 4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful
12、 unit of language. 5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in bination with other morphemes. 6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be bined with ot
13、her morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. 7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be bined with another root or an affix to form a word. 8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.
14、 9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word. 10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech. 11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word.Derivation can be viewe
15、d as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words. 12 pounding: Like derivation, pounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. pounding can be viewed as the bination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words. $isbest 四 句法学 1 linguistic petence: sk
16、y defines petence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic munication. 2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually prises a number of words to form a plete statement question or mand.
17、3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. 4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the
18、other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are monly termed as D-structure. 5 Move : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic b
19、ehavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move $isbest五 语义学 1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language. 2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguis
20、tic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. 3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close s
21、imilarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy. 5 polysemy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word. 6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words
22、 that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms. 7 homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, mo
23、re inclusive word and a more specific word. 9 ponential analysis : ponential analysis is a way to analyze wprd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists. 10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The gr
24、ammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. 11 semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions. 12 predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is
25、 the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. $isbest六 语用学 1 pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful munication. 2 context: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consi
26、sts of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer. 3 utterance meaning: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of munication, or simply in a context. 4 locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of uttera
27、nce words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology. 5 illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speakers intention; It is the act performed in saying something. 6 perlocutionary act: A illocutionary act is the act pe
28、rformed by or resulting from saying something: it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. $isbest 七 历史语言学 1 historical linguistics: Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change. 2 apocope:
29、 Another well-documented sound loss is the deletion of a word-final vowel segement, a phenomenon called apocope. 3 epenthesis: A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis. 4 metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement i
30、s known as metathesis. 5 pounding: pounding is a process of bining two or more words into one lexical unit. 6 derivation: Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots. 7 blending: Blending is a process of forming a new word by bining parts of
31、 other words. 8 back-formation: Back-formation is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word. 9 semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word bees general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation.
32、 10 semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word bees less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning. 11 semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning. 12 protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language. A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and paring similar
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