届高考英语一轮复习专项提升训练概要写作与翻译专项提升训练上海卷适用.docx

届高考英语一轮复习专项提升训练概要写作与翻译专项提升训练上海卷适用.docx

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届高考英语一轮复习专项提升训练概要写作与翻译专项提升训练上海卷适用

2019届高考英语一轮复习专项提升训练

概要写作与翻译专项提升训练

（上海卷适用）

一、阅读表达

1.SummaryWriting

Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60wonds.Useyourownwordsas,faraspossible. 

   Everytimethereisamassshooting,thedebatesurroundinggunstendstoflareupinAmerica.TheabuseofgunshasbeenaseriousproblemintheUSallalong,butwhydoesn’ttheUSgovernmentjustdismissowninggunsprivately?

   TherighttoownagunanddefendoneselfiscentraltoAmericansociety.Asearlyasthe1600s,whenthefirstEuropeanssetfootonthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theyhadtofacealotofdangers.Theycouldonlyrelyonthemselves.Therefore,gunsplayedasignificantroleinself-defense.GunswerealsoimportantinAmerican’sIndependentWarandtheCivilWar.

   Secondly,theAmericanfoundingfathersbelievedthatgunownershipwasnecessaryforatrulyfreecountry.Ifthegovernmentdistruststhepeopleanddisarmsthem,thenthatgovernmentnolongerrepresentsthepeople.TheSecondAmendmenttotheUSConstitutionspecifiesthattheAmericanpeoplecannotbedeprivedofthe“righttokeepandbeararms.”SothesaleandpurchaseoffirearmsarelegalintheUnitedStatesaccordingtolaw.

   TheimportanceofgunsisalsoderivedfromtheroleofhuntinginAmericanculture.Inthenation’searlyyears,huntingwasessentialforfoodandshelter.Today,gunsareavitalpartofhunting,whichremainsverypopularasbothasportandawayoflifeinmanypartsofthecountry.Peoplespendtimewithfriends,sharingthepleasurethatthesportbrings.

   Forthosereasons,whencriticssaygunsmeanviolence,theymissalargepartofthepicture,andtheymisrepresentthecomplexnatureofAmerica’sdiversegunculture.Mostpeoplewhoowngunsprivately,areactuallypartofthegunculture.Theyhaverationalandthoughtfulreasonstoownanduseguns.

2.SummaryWriting

QuietVirtue:

TheConscientious

   Theeverydaysignsofconscientiousness（认真尽责）—beingpunctual,carefulindoingwork,self-disciplined,andscrupulous（一丝不苟的）inattendingtoresponsibilities—aretypicalcharacteristicsofthemodelorganizationalcitizen,thepeoplewhokeepthingsrunningastheyshould.Theyfollowtherules,helpout,andareconcernedaboutthepeopletheyworkwith.It’stheconscientiousworkerwhohelpsnewcomersorupdatespeoplewhoreturnafteranabsence,whogetstoworkontimeandneverabusessickleaves,whoalwaysgetsthingsdoneondeadline.

   Conscientiousnessisakeytosuccessinanyfield.Instudiesofjobperformance,outstandingeffectivenessforalmostalljobs,fromsemi-skilledlabortosalesandmanagement,dependsonconscientiousness.AmongsalesrepresentativesforalargeAmericancarmanufacturer,thosewhoweremostconscientioushadthelargestvolumeofsales.

   Conscientiousnessalsooffersabuffer（缓冲）againstthethreatofjoblossintoday’sconstantlychangingmarket,becauseemployeeswiththisqualityareamongthemostvalued.Forthesalesrepresentatives,theirlevelofconscientiousnessmatteredalmostasmuchastheirsalesindeterminingwhostayedon.

   Butconscientiousnessintheabsenceofsocialskillscanleadtoproblems.Sinceconscientiouspeopledemandsomuchofthemselves,theycanholdotherpeopletotheirownstandards,andsobeoverlyjudgmentalwhenothersdon’tshowthesamehighlevelsofmodelbehavior.Factoryworkerswhowereextremelyconscientious,forexample,tendedtocriticizeco-workersevenaboutfailuresthatseemedunimportanttothosetheycriticized,whichdamagedtheirrelationships.

   Whenconscientiousnesstakestheformoflivinguptoexpectations,itcandiscouragecreativity.Successincreativeprofessionslikeartoradvertisingcallsforabalancebetweenwildideasandconscientiousness.Withoutenoughconscientiousnesstofollowthrough,peoplebecomemeredreamers,withnothingtoshowfortheirimaginativeness.

3.SummaryWriting

Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

   Itisuniversallytruethatallparentsintheworldlovetheirchildren.However,asparents’viewsoflifevary,theyshowtheirloveindifferentways.

   Themonarchtypeofparentsareintolerantandself-centered.Theylaydownregulationsinthefamilyfortheirchildrentoobserve.Furthermore,theyinsistthattheirchildrenshouldactuponthemwithoutquestion.Withafirmbeliefintheirownphilosophyoflife,theyhavelittlerespectforothers’opinions,leastofall,theirchildren’s.Thesentencetheysaymostfrequentlytotheirchildrenis,“youshoulddothis.”

  Contrarytothemonarch-typeparents,theservant-typeparentsrevolvearoundtheirchildrenallthetime.Theyaresoft,good-natured,andeasy-going.Theyneverdenytheirchildrenanywish,andcheerfullyruntobuyanythingtheirchildrenaskfor.Theyarehappysolongastheirchildrenarecontent.Withthesincerebeliefthatlovemeanssacrifice,theyarereadytogiveupanythingfortheirchildren’ssake.Withtheirchildrenatthecenteroftheirlives,theyalwaysask,“Whatelsecanwedoforyou?

”

   Thefriend-typeparents,asthetermimplies,treattheirchildrenasfriends.Theyaregenerousandwise.Likegoodfriends,theydiscusswiththeirchildrenthelatestnews,sharetheirchildren’sinterests,andlistenattentivelytotheirchildren’sexpressionofemotion,whetheritisanger,fear,joyorsorrow.Theyhaveacloserelationshipwiththeirchildrenwhilestickingtotheirprincipledstand.Theydiscussproblemswiththeirchildrenratherthanprovidereadysolution.Theyrespecttheirchildrenastheirequals.Theyoftensay:

“Let’sputoutheadstogetherandseewhatwecando.”

   Thereisnodoubtthatchildrenwelcomethethirdtypeofparents,forafree,friendly,andsympatheticatmosphereathomeismostfavorabletothedevelopmentofyoungstersbothinbodyandinmind.Allparentsshouldre-examineandchangesomeoftheirwaysofshowingtheirloveiftheywanttheirchildrentogrowuphappilyandhealthily.

4.SummaryWriting

Directions:

 Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible. 

AWorkaholicEconomy

   Althoughtheoutputperhourofworkhasmorethandoubledsince1945,leisureseemsreservedlargelyfortheunemployedandunderemployed.Thosewhoworkfull-timespendasmuchtimeonthejobastheydidattheendofWorldWarⅡ.Infact,workinghourshaveincreasednoticeablysince1970.Bookstoresnowaboundwithmanualsdescribinghowtomanagetimeandcopewithstress.

   Therearemainlytworeasonsforlostleisure.

   Since1970,companieshaverespondedtoimprovementsinthebusinessclimatebyhavingemployeesworkovertimeratherthanbyhiringextrapersonnel.Somefirmsareevendownsizingastheirprofitsclimb.Ahostoffactorspushesemployerstohirefewerworkersformorehoursand,atthesametime,compelsworkerstospendmoretimeonthejob.Mostofthoseincentives（诱因）involvethestructureofcompensation（报酬）.Thewaysalariesandbenefitsareorganizedmakesitmoreprofitabletoask40employeestolaboranextrahoureachthantohireonemoreworkertodothesame40-hourjob.Oncepeopleareonsalary,theircosttoafirmisthesamewhethertheyspend35hoursaweekintheofficeor70.Therefore,itismoreprofitableforemployerstoworktheirexistingemployeesharder.

   Forallthatemployeescomplainaboutlonghours,they,too,havereasonsnottotrademoneyforleisure.“Peoplewhoworkreducedhourspayahugepenaltyincareerterms,”BailynofMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologymaintains.“It’stakenasanegativesignalabouttheircommitmenttothefirm.”Headdsthatmanycorporatemanagersfinditdifficulttomeasurethecontributionoftheiremployeestoafirm’swell-being,sotheyestimatestaffproductivityintermsofhoursworked.Employeesknowthis,andtheyadjusttheirbehavioraccordingly.

5.SummaryWriting

Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

Screen-addictedteensareunhappy

   Anewstudyexploredthelinkbetweenadolescentlifesatisfactionandscreentime.Researchersfoundthatteenswhospentmoretimeinfrontofscreendevices–playingcomputergames,usingsocialmedia,textingandvideochatting–werelesshappythanthosewhoinvestedmoretimeinnon-screenactivitieslikesports,readingnewspapersandmagazines,andface-to-facesocialinteraction.

  Totalscreenavoidancedoesn’tleadtohappinesseither.Thegreaterunhappinessamongthosewithnoscreenexposurecouldbeduetoseveralfactors,Twenge,theleadingresearchersaid.“Itcouldbethattheyareleftoutofthesocialsceneofhighschool,thatit’sverydifficulttocarryonfriendshipsinhighschoolthesedayswithouttextingatallorbeingonsocialmedia.”Itisalsopossiblethatthosekidsareoutliers,Twengesaid–teenswithspecialneedsorinspecialeducation,orthosewhosescreenshavebeentakenawayfromthembyparents.

  Thekeytodigitalmediauseandhappinessislimiteduse.Thehappiestteensuseddigitalmediaalittlelessthananhourperday.Butafteradailyhourofscreentime,unhappinessrisessteadilyalongwithincreasingscreentime,theresearchersreportinthejournalEmotion.

 “Makeefforttospendnomorethantwohoursadayondigitalmedia,andtrytoincreasetheamountoftimeyouspendseeingfriendsface-to-fa