届高考英语一轮复习专项提升训练概要写作与翻译专项提升训练上海卷适用.docx
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届高考英语一轮复习专项提升训练概要写作与翻译专项提升训练上海卷适用
2019届高考英语一轮复习专项提升训练
概要写作与翻译专项提升训练
(上海卷适用)
一、阅读表达
1.SummaryWriting
Directions:
Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60wonds.Useyourownwordsas,faraspossible.
Everytimethereisamassshooting,thedebatesurroundinggunstendstoflareupinAmerica.TheabuseofgunshasbeenaseriousproblemintheUSallalong,butwhydoesn’ttheUSgovernmentjustdismissowninggunsprivately?
TherighttoownagunanddefendoneselfiscentraltoAmericansociety.Asearlyasthe1600s,whenthefirstEuropeanssetfootonthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theyhadtofacealotofdangers.Theycouldonlyrelyonthemselves.Therefore,gunsplayedasignificantroleinself-defense.GunswerealsoimportantinAmerican’sIndependentWarandtheCivilWar.
Secondly,theAmericanfoundingfathersbelievedthatgunownershipwasnecessaryforatrulyfreecountry.Ifthegovernmentdistruststhepeopleanddisarmsthem,thenthatgovernmentnolongerrepresentsthepeople.TheSecondAmendmenttotheUSConstitutionspecifiesthattheAmericanpeoplecannotbedeprivedofthe“righttokeepandbeararms.”SothesaleandpurchaseoffirearmsarelegalintheUnitedStatesaccordingtolaw.
TheimportanceofgunsisalsoderivedfromtheroleofhuntinginAmericanculture.Inthenation’searlyyears,huntingwasessentialforfoodandshelter.Today,gunsareavitalpartofhunting,whichremainsverypopularasbothasportandawayoflifeinmanypartsofthecountry.Peoplespendtimewithfriends,sharingthepleasurethatthesportbrings.
Forthosereasons,whencriticssaygunsmeanviolence,theymissalargepartofthepicture,andtheymisrepresentthecomplexnatureofAmerica’sdiversegunculture.Mostpeoplewhoowngunsprivately,areactuallypartofthegunculture.Theyhaverationalandthoughtfulreasonstoownanduseguns.
2.SummaryWriting
QuietVirtue:
TheConscientious
Theeverydaysignsofconscientiousness(认真尽责)—beingpunctual,carefulindoingwork,self-disciplined,andscrupulous(一丝不苟的)inattendingtoresponsibilities—aretypicalcharacteristicsofthemodelorganizationalcitizen,thepeoplewhokeepthingsrunningastheyshould.Theyfollowtherules,helpout,andareconcernedaboutthepeopletheyworkwith.It’stheconscientiousworkerwhohelpsnewcomersorupdatespeoplewhoreturnafteranabsence,whogetstoworkontimeandneverabusessickleaves,whoalwaysgetsthingsdoneondeadline.
Conscientiousnessisakeytosuccessinanyfield.Instudiesofjobperformance,outstandingeffectivenessforalmostalljobs,fromsemi-skilledlabortosalesandmanagement,dependsonconscientiousness.AmongsalesrepresentativesforalargeAmericancarmanufacturer,thosewhoweremostconscientioushadthelargestvolumeofsales.
Conscientiousnessalsooffersabuffer(缓冲)againstthethreatofjoblossintoday’sconstantlychangingmarket,becauseemployeeswiththisqualityareamongthemostvalued.Forthesalesrepresentatives,theirlevelofconscientiousnessmatteredalmostasmuchastheirsalesindeterminingwhostayedon.
Butconscientiousnessintheabsenceofsocialskillscanleadtoproblems.Sinceconscientiouspeopledemandsomuchofthemselves,theycanholdotherpeopletotheirownstandards,andsobeoverlyjudgmentalwhenothersdon’tshowthesamehighlevelsofmodelbehavior.Factoryworkerswhowereextremelyconscientious,forexample,tendedtocriticizeco-workersevenaboutfailuresthatseemedunimportanttothosetheycriticized,whichdamagedtheirrelationships.
Whenconscientiousnesstakestheformoflivinguptoexpectations,itcandiscouragecreativity.Successincreativeprofessionslikeartoradvertisingcallsforabalancebetweenwildideasandconscientiousness.Withoutenoughconscientiousnesstofollowthrough,peoplebecomemeredreamers,withnothingtoshowfortheirimaginativeness.
3.SummaryWriting
Directions:
Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.
Itisuniversallytruethatallparentsintheworldlovetheirchildren.However,asparents’viewsoflifevary,theyshowtheirloveindifferentways.
Themonarchtypeofparentsareintolerantandself-centered.Theylaydownregulationsinthefamilyfortheirchildrentoobserve.Furthermore,theyinsistthattheirchildrenshouldactuponthemwithoutquestion.Withafirmbeliefintheirownphilosophyoflife,theyhavelittlerespectforothers’opinions,leastofall,theirchildren’s.Thesentencetheysaymostfrequentlytotheirchildrenis,“youshoulddothis.”
Contrarytothemonarch-typeparents,theservant-typeparentsrevolvearoundtheirchildrenallthetime.Theyaresoft,good-natured,andeasy-going.Theyneverdenytheirchildrenanywish,andcheerfullyruntobuyanythingtheirchildrenaskfor.Theyarehappysolongastheirchildrenarecontent.Withthesincerebeliefthatlovemeanssacrifice,theyarereadytogiveupanythingfortheirchildren’ssake.Withtheirchildrenatthecenteroftheirlives,theyalwaysask,“Whatelsecanwedoforyou?
”
Thefriend-typeparents,asthetermimplies,treattheirchildrenasfriends.Theyaregenerousandwise.Likegoodfriends,theydiscusswiththeirchildrenthelatestnews,sharetheirchildren’sinterests,andlistenattentivelytotheirchildren’sexpressionofemotion,whetheritisanger,fear,joyorsorrow.Theyhaveacloserelationshipwiththeirchildrenwhilestickingtotheirprincipledstand.Theydiscussproblemswiththeirchildrenratherthanprovidereadysolution.Theyrespecttheirchildrenastheirequals.Theyoftensay:
“Let’sputoutheadstogetherandseewhatwecando.”
Thereisnodoubtthatchildrenwelcomethethirdtypeofparents,forafree,friendly,andsympatheticatmosphereathomeismostfavorabletothedevelopmentofyoungstersbothinbodyandinmind.Allparentsshouldre-examineandchangesomeoftheirwaysofshowingtheirloveiftheywanttheirchildrentogrowuphappilyandhealthily.
4.SummaryWriting
Directions:
Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.
AWorkaholicEconomy
Althoughtheoutputperhourofworkhasmorethandoubledsince1945,leisureseemsreservedlargelyfortheunemployedandunderemployed.Thosewhoworkfull-timespendasmuchtimeonthejobastheydidattheendofWorldWarⅡ.Infact,workinghourshaveincreasednoticeablysince1970.Bookstoresnowaboundwithmanualsdescribinghowtomanagetimeandcopewithstress.
Therearemainlytworeasonsforlostleisure.
Since1970,companieshaverespondedtoimprovementsinthebusinessclimatebyhavingemployeesworkovertimeratherthanbyhiringextrapersonnel.Somefirmsareevendownsizingastheirprofitsclimb.Ahostoffactorspushesemployerstohirefewerworkersformorehoursand,atthesametime,compelsworkerstospendmoretimeonthejob.Mostofthoseincentives(诱因)involvethestructureofcompensation(报酬).Thewaysalariesandbenefitsareorganizedmakesitmoreprofitabletoask40employeestolaboranextrahoureachthantohireonemoreworkertodothesame40-hourjob.Oncepeopleareonsalary,theircosttoafirmisthesamewhethertheyspend35hoursaweekintheofficeor70.Therefore,itismoreprofitableforemployerstoworktheirexistingemployeesharder.
Forallthatemployeescomplainaboutlonghours,they,too,havereasonsnottotrademoneyforleisure.“Peoplewhoworkreducedhourspayahugepenaltyincareerterms,”BailynofMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologymaintains.“It’stakenasanegativesignalabouttheircommitmenttothefirm.”Headdsthatmanycorporatemanagersfinditdifficulttomeasurethecontributionoftheiremployeestoafirm’swell-being,sotheyestimatestaffproductivityintermsofhoursworked.Employeesknowthis,andtheyadjusttheirbehavioraccordingly.
5.SummaryWriting
Directions:
Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.
Screen-addictedteensareunhappy
Anewstudyexploredthelinkbetweenadolescentlifesatisfactionandscreentime.Researchersfoundthatteenswhospentmoretimeinfrontofscreendevices–playingcomputergames,usingsocialmedia,textingandvideochatting–werelesshappythanthosewhoinvestedmoretimeinnon-screenactivitieslikesports,readingnewspapersandmagazines,andface-to-facesocialinteraction.
Totalscreenavoidancedoesn’tleadtohappinesseither.Thegreaterunhappinessamongthosewithnoscreenexposurecouldbeduetoseveralfactors,Twenge,theleadingresearchersaid.“Itcouldbethattheyareleftoutofthesocialsceneofhighschool,thatit’sverydifficulttocarryonfriendshipsinhighschoolthesedayswithouttextingatallorbeingonsocialmedia.”Itisalsopossiblethatthosekidsareoutliers,Twengesaid–teenswithspecialneedsorinspecialeducation,orthosewhosescreenshavebeentakenawayfromthembyparents.
Thekeytodigitalmediauseandhappinessislimiteduse.Thehappiestteensuseddigitalmediaalittlelessthananhourperday.Butafteradailyhourofscreentime,unhappinessrisessteadilyalongwithincreasingscreentime,theresearchersreportinthejournalEmotion.
“Makeefforttospendnomorethantwohoursadayondigitalmedia,andtrytoincreasetheamountoftimeyouspendseeingfriendsface-to-fa