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大学英语教案
Unit2DeerandtheEnergyCycle
Preview:
1.Learnthevocabuaryandreadthroughthetext
2.Scanning
Directions:
Scanthetextanddiscussinpairs,listthefactsaboutthelifeofdeerinfourseasons.
Summer:
adultmales:
adultfemales:
fawns:
Fall:
Winter:
Spring:
Period1-2BackgroundInformationandGlobalReading
.Warm-upandBackgroundInformation
2.卡尔达舍夫等级
1964年，俄罗斯天体物理学家尼古拉-卡尔达舍夫提出了这样一个理论：
他认为人类文明的技术进步与将其国民可控制的能源总量息息相关。
根据这条思路，他从低到高确定了银河系中文明发展的三种类型：
类型I：
该文明是行星能源的主人，这意味着他们可以主宰整个世界能源的总和。
类型II：
该文明能够收集整个恒星系统的能源。
类型III：
该文明可以利用银河系系统的能源而为其所用。
.GlobalReading
2.QuestionsandAnswerspart2-318-20
Period3-4DetailedReading
PartOne
（1）Itisenergy,notloveormoney,thatmakestheworldgoround.
Somepersonssaythatlovemakestheworldgoround.Othersofalessromanticandmorepracticalturnofmindsaythatitisn'tlove;it'smoney.Butthetruthisthatitisenergythatmakestheworldgoround.Energyisthecurrencyoftheecologicalsystemandlifebecomespossibleonlywhenfoodisconvertedintoenergy,whichinturnisusedtoseekmorefoodtogrow,toreproduceandtosurvive.Onthiscyclealllifedepends.
1.
2.turnn.anaturaltendency;inclination
3.currencyn.
4.ecologicala.ecologyn.
5.convertvt.change（fromoneform,use,etc.intoanother）;cause（aperson）tochangehisbeliefs,etc.convertinto;convertfrom;convertto改信
6.1）induecourseorsuccession2）oneafteranother
HethatshutsLoveout,inturnshallbeshutoutfromLove.（Tennyson）
byturns
attheturn（ofthecentury
7.
paragraph2-6
Itisfairlywellknownthatwildanimalssurvivefromyeartoyearbyeatingasmuchastheycanduringtimesofplenty,thesummerandfall,storingtheexcess,usuallyintheformoffat,andthenusingthesereservesoffattosurviveduringthehardtimesinwinterwhenfoodisscarce.Butitisprobablylesswellknownthatevenwiththeirstoredfat,wildanimalsspendlessenergytoliveinwinterthaninsummer.
1.timesofplenty:
2.Whatisthegrammaticalfunctionof“eating...,storing...,andthenusing...”?
3.excess:
n.过量，过度exceedv.超过inexcessof超过
4.reservev.n.储备（物）
reserve,preserve&conserve保持，保存
reserve正式用词
preserve
conserve
5.scarce:
adj.缺乏的
scarce,rare&uncommon稀罕的，很少发生
scarce
rare
uncommon
Agoodcaseinpointisthewhiter-taileddeer.Likemostwildlife,deerreproduce,grow,andstorefatinthesummerandfallwhenthereisplentyofnutritiousfoodavailable.AphysicallymaturefemaledeeringoodconditionwhohasconceivedinNovemberandgivenbirthtotwofawnsduringtheendofMayorfirstpartofJune,mustsearchforfoodforthenecessaryenergynotonlytomeetherbody'sneedsbutalsotoproducemilkforherfawns.Thebestmilkproductionoccursatthesametimethatnewplantgrowthisavailable.Thisisgoodtiming,becausemilkproductionisanenergyconsumingprocess—itrequiresalotoffood.Thecostcannotbemetunlesstheregionhasamplefoodresources.
1.agoodcaseinpoint:
agoodexampleofwhatisbeingtalkedabout
inpoint
incase
incaseof
inanycase
innocase
2.Aphysicallymaturefemaledeeringoodcondition
maturea.fullgrownanddeveloped
femalea.ofthesexthatgivesbirthtoyoung
afemaleperson,animalorplantmalen.
3.conceivevt.becomepregnantwith（young）;form（anidea,plan,etc.）inthemind
4.givebirthto
5.
6.Paraphrasethesecondunderlinedsentence.
7.meetvt.satisfy;make（both）endsmeet;meettheneedof
8.consume:
eatordrink,use,useup
Asthesummerprogressesandthefawnsgrow,theybecomelessdependentontheirmother'smilkandmoredependentongrowingplantsasfoodsources.Theadultmalesspendthesummergrowingantlersandgettingfat.Bothmalesandfemalescontinuetoeathighqualityfoodinthefallinordertodepositbodyfatforthewinter.Inthecaseofdoesandfawns,agreatdealofenergyisexpendedeitherinmilkproductionoringrowing,andfatisnotaccumulatedasquicklyasitisinfullgrownmales.Fatreservesarelikebankaccountstobedrawnoninthewinterwhenfoodsuppliesarelimitedandsometimesdifficulttoreachbecauseofdeepsnow.
1.progress:
进展，进步
2.“Highqualityfood”
3.deposit:
vt.putorstoreforsafekeeping;keep（money）inabank
Shehadjustdepositedalargesumofmoneyinheraccount.
4.Incaseof:
5.expend:
vt.
expend,spend&cost
expend
spend
cost
6.accumulate:
v.makeorbecomegreaterinnumberorquantity;collectorgatherlittlebylittle
Hequicklyaccumulatedalargefortune.
7.drawon利用，动用
Asfallturnsintowinter,otherchangestakeplace.Fawnslosetheirspottedcoat.Haironallthedeerbecomesdarkerandthicker.ThechangeinthehaircoatsisusuallycompletebySeptemberandmaximumhairdepthsarereachedbyNovemberorDecemberwhentheweatherbecomescold.
Butinaddition,natureprovidesafurthersafeguardtohelpdeersurvivethewinter—aninternalphysiologicalresponsewhichlowerstheirmetabolism,orrateofbodilyfunctioning,andhenceslowsdowntheirexpenditureofenergy.Thedeerbecomesomewhatslowanddrowsy.Theheartratedrops.Animalsthathibernatepracticeenergyconservationtoagreaterextremethandeerdo.Althoughdeerdon'thibernate,theydothesamethingwiththeirseasonalrhythmsinmetabolism.Deerspendmoreenergyandstorefatinthesummerandfallwhenfoodisabundant,andspendlessenergyandusestoredfatinthewinterwhenfoodislessavailable.
1.
2.inaddition
3.afurtherssafeguard:
Deerhaveanothernaturalmeansofprotectionagainstthethreatofthecoldwinter.
safeguardn.ameansofprotectionagainststh.unwanted预防措施
3.
4.expendituren.
5.Whatarethesightof“aninternalphysiologicalresponse”?
6.somewhat:
adv.morethanalittlebutnotvery
She’ssomewhatmoreconfidentthansheusedtobe.
7.Rate:
speed,rate&pace速度、速率
speed
rate
pace
8.abundant:
adj.morethanenough
Chinahasabundantnaturalresources.
Wehaveabundantproofofhisguilt.
Whenthe"energycrisis"firstcamein1973-1974,IwaslivingwithmyfamilyinacabinontheedgeofanareawheredeerspendthewinterinnorthernMinnesota,observingthedeerastheirbehaviorchangedfrommoreactivityinsummerandfalltolessaswinterprogressed,followedbyanincreaseagaininthespringasthesnowmelted.Itwasinterestingandratheramusingtolistentotheadvicegivenontheradio:
"Driveonlywhennecessary,"weweretold."Putonmoreclothestostaywarm,andturnthethermostatonyourfurnacedown."Meanwhilewewatchedthedeerreducetheiractivity,growawintercoatofhair,andreducetheirmetabolismastheyhaveforthousandsofyears.Itisbiologicallyreasonablefordeertoreducetheircostoflivingtoincreasetheirchanceofsurvivinginwinter.
Noteverywinteriscriticalfordeerofcourse.Ifthewinterhaslightsnow,survivalandproductivitynextspringwillbehigh.Butifdeepsnowscomeandtheweatherremainscoldforseveralweeks,thenthedeermustspendmoreenergytomoveabout,foodwillbehardertofind,andtheymustthendependmoreontheirfatreservestopullthemthrough.Ifsuchconditionsgoonfortoolongsomewilldie,andonlythelargestandstrongestarelikelytosurvive.Thatisafundamentalruleoflifeforwild,freewanderinganimalsuchasdeer.
1.Whyshouldpeopledriveonlywhennecessary?
2.
3.amusinga.funnyamusevt.causetolaughorsmile
4.notevery:
noteachorallmembersofagroup
Noteverystudentintheclasspassedtheexamination.\
请看下面例子：
1.Allisnotlost.
2.Allthatglittersisnotgold.
3.Notallcriminalscanbereformed.
4.NoteveryPresidentisaleader.
5.Everythingisnotperfect.
6.Boththeuniversitiesarenotideal.
5.moveabout:
travelaround;gofromoneplacetoanother
6.pull…through:
surviveorhelp（sb.）surviveaperiodofdangerorcrisis
7.fundamental:
adj.basic;veryimportant
PartThree（10-11）Lifedependsonenergy,thusthecyclecontinues.
Yes,life—anddeath,too--isacyclethatgoesroundandround,andwhenanimalsdietheirbodiesbecomefoodforotherlifeformstousebyconvertingthemintoenergy.
Andthecyclecontinues.
Period5-6Practice
P40
英语部分否定归纳PartialNegation
英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法：
一、all的否定式：
notall…（或：
all…not）表示"并非都……"、"不是所有的都……"例如：
Notallmencanbemasters.（=Allmencannotbemasters.）
Notallbamboogrowstall.
二、both的否定式：
not…both（或：
both…not）"并非两个……都……"例如：
Idon'twantboththebooks.
Both（the）windowsarenotopen.
三、every…的否定式：
"不是每……都……"例如：
Noteverybookiseducative.（或：
Everybookisnoteducative.）
Noteveryonelikesthisbook.
Thisflowerisnotseeneverywhere.
四、always的否定式：
"并非总是（并非一直）……"例如：
Heisnotalwayssosad.
五、entirely,altogether,completely和quite的否定式：
"不完全……"，"并非完全……"例如：
Thebusinessmanisnevertobeentirelytrusted.
Hefeltnotaltogethersatisfied.
Idon'tagreecompletely.
Whathedidwasnotquiteproper.
六、allthetime的否定式：
"并非一直……"、"未必老是……"例如：
Afoolishmandoesn'tmakeamistakeallthetime.
七、not…and…的否定式，被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分。
例如：
Hedidnotspeakclearlyandcorrectly.
Thisfilmisnotinterestingandinstructive.
Shecannotsinganddance.
如果将and换成or，not对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。
Hedidnotspeakclearlyorcorrectly.
如要对上述的all,both,every,always,以及entirely,altogether,completely,quite和allthetime等词作完全否定，那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词,例如：
Allofthemcandoit.---
Botharegood.---
Everybodylikesit.---
Heisalwayslate.---
Wedon'ttrustthementirely.---
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