高级英语第二册unit 4.docx

高级英语第二册unit 4.docx

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高级英语第二册unit4

Unit4JohnFitzgeraldKennedy（1917-1963）35thpresidentoftheUnitedStates

⏹FamilyBackgroundKennedy’sancestorscamefromIrelandandhewasthefirstRomanCatholictobecomepresidentoftheU.S.HewasbornonMay29,1917inBrookline,Massachusetts,wherehisgrandfatherhadbeenelectedtomanyoffices.HisfatherJosephP.Kennedybecametheyoungestbankpresidentofthecountryattheageof25.OnSeptember12,1953,KennedyandJacquelineBouvierweremarried.Theyhadthreechildren.

Hewrote"ProfilesinCourage",《勇敢者传略》whichwonaPulitzerprize.

*1947-1952servedasrepresentativeinthecongress1952electedtothesenate

*1960wontheDemocraticnominationforpresidentanddefeatedRichardNixon,Republican

AssassinationHisassassinationatDallasinNovember1963wasashockfromwhichtheU.S.hasfoundithardtorecoverandthemurderisstillariddle.In1963,KennedyjourneyedtoTexasforaspeech-makingtour.onNovember22,heandhiswifewerecheeredastheiropencarpassedthroughthestreets.Suddenly,at12:

30intheafternoon,anassassinfiredseveralshots,strikingthepresidenttwiceinthebaseoftheneckandthehead.KennedywasrushedtoHospital,wherehewaspronounceddeadaboutahalfhourlater.Withintwohours,VicepresidentJohnsontooktheoathaspresident.

⏹Contributions

1.HismostimportantactwashissuccessfuldemandonOct.22,1962thattheSovietUniondismantleitsmissilebasesinCuba.

2.Heestablishedaquarantine（隔离检疫期）ofarmsshipmentstoCuba

3.HedefiedSovietattemptstoforcetheAlliesoutofBerlin.

4.Hemadethesteelindustryrescind（废除）apricerise.

5.Hebacked:

civilrightsmovements;amentalhealthprogram;arbitrationofrailroaddisputes;expandedmedicalcarefortheaged;astronautflightsandsatelliteorbiting

LincolnandKennedy

⏹AbrahamLincolnwaselectedtoCongressin1846.JohnF.KennedywaselectedtoCongressin1946.

⏹AbrahamLincolnwaselectedPresidentin1860.JohnF.KennedywaselectedPresidentin1960.

⏹ThenamesLincolnandKennedyeachcontainsevenletters.

⏹Bothwereparticularlyconcernedwithcivilrights.

⏹BothwiveslosttheirchildrenwhilelivingintheWhiteHouse.

⏹BothPresidentswereshotonaFriday.shotinthehead.

⏹Lincoln’ssecretarywasnamedKennedy.Kennedy’ssecretarywasnamedLincoln.

⏹BothwereassassinatedbySoutherners.BothweresucceededbySoutherners.

⏹BothsuccessorswerenamedJohnson.

⏹AndrewJohnson,whosucceededLincoln,wasbornin1808.

⏹LyndonJohnson,whosucceededKennedy,wasbornin1908.

⏹JohnWilkesBooth,accusedofassassinatingLincoln,wasbornin1839.

⏹LeeHarveyOswald,accusedofassassinatingKennedy,wasbornin1939.

⏹Bothnamescomprisefifteenletters

InaugurationDayOnApril30,1789,GeorgeWashingtonsteppedontoabalconyofFederalHallinNewYorkCity,placedhishandonaBibleandsworeto“preserve,protestanddefendtheconstitutionoftheUnitedStates”.Hethenreadanearnestspeech,callingfor

“unitedandeffectivegovernment”.ThusbeganauniqueAmericaninstitution—InaugurationDay—thosedramatichourswhenanewpresidentfacesthepeopleforthefirsttime.Hemusttellthepeoplewhathe’sgoingtodoaspresident.

TheInaugurationDayhasbeenonJanuary20since1937.

⏹InauguralAddressMemorablewordshavebeenutteredininauguraladdress.Itisaspeech,lectureofficiallymadebyapersonontakingoffice.

⏹GeneralAnalysisofaPoliticalSpeech

Thepurposeofapoliticalspeechistoexplain,convinceandpersuadethepeoplethatwhatheissayingandplanningtodobestrepresentstheirinterestssotheyshouldsupporthim.

1.Hemusttryeverypossiblemeanstoarousethefeelingsofaudience.Whathesaysrepresentstheinterestsofthewholepeople.successfulappealtotheemotionoftheaudience

2.specificpolicyThespeechmustcontainhigh-soundingwordsandemptypromises

3.Thespeechmustbeconciseandshort

4.clever-choiceofwordstoconveydifferentmeanings/tones.

5.theuseofbiblicalstyletomakeitformal/rigid.

6.theuseofalotofrhetoricaldevicestomakehisaddressaspowerful/impressiveaspossible

AsPresidentoftheUnitedStates,Kennedyhastoaddressaworldwideaudience.HehastoappealnotonlytotheAmericanpeoplebutalsotothedifferentgroupsofnationsintheinternationalcommunity

⏹SocialBackgroundKennedybecamePresidentin1960’s

Coldwarmarksthesituationin1960’s.Theworldismainlydividedintotwohostilecamps.

1）socialistcamp—headedbytheSovietUnion2）capitalistcamp—headedbytheU.S.

Kennedywasaneloquentspeaker.Heisspeciallytrained.Thisspeechisverypowerfulandwonderful.Helayshisemphasisonthesuccessfulappealtotheemotionofthelisteners.Infact,mostAmericansregardhisinauguraladdressasoneofthebestdeliverybyanAmericanPresident.

SectionI（paras.1-5）Introduction,thegeneralstatementofthebasicpolicyoftheUS

SectionII（paras.6-10）Headdressesdifferentgroupsofalliednationsandwould-bealliednations;friendsandwould-befriends.

SectionIII（paras.11-20）Hisspecificpolicytowardtheenemy.

1.pointoutthedanger2.pointouthepositionofstrength3.pointoutthesituationandneed.

Bothsidesfeeluneasy.a）Bothsidesareoverburdenedwiththecostofmodernweapons.b）Bothsidesareanxiouswiththewidespreadarms.c）Bothtrytochangetheuncertainbalanceofmilitarypower.

⏹Proposals:

1.controlarms2.usescienceforpeacepurpose3.enjoyhumanrights

Object:

tomakeanewworldorder

SectionIV（paras.21-27）conclusion

HecallsontheAmericanstosupporthimandtosacrificetheirlivesfortheircountry.Hecallsonthepeopleofthewholeworldtounitandworkforthefreedomofmen

DetailedStudyoftheText

Para.1:

Kennedyisemphasizingtheimportanceofhiselectionaspresident.ItisnotsimplyavictoryoftheDemocraticPartyovertheRepublicanParty.Itcelebratesthefreedomofpeopletoelectfreelytheirownheadofstate.Itsymbolizestheendofonepresidentialterm（thatofEisenhower）andthebeginningofanewterm（thatofKennedy）.Thepresidencyortheofficeofpresidentisrenewed.

1.freedom:

Wecelebratefreedom.PeopleintheUSarefreetochoosetheirpresident.

2.end:

theendofEisenhower’spresidentialterm

3.beginning:

thebeginningofKennedy’spresidentialterm

4.renewal:

thecontinuationofpresidencyandofficeofpresident

5.change:

thechangefromEisenhowertoKennedy

6.solemnoath:

refertoanextremelyformalandinspiringreligiousritual.veryserious.

7.acenturyandthree-quartersago:

ThefirstpresidentialoathtakenbyWashingtononApril30,1789

⏹Para.2:

thegeneralsituationofthisworld

Question:

Inwhatwayistheworlddifferent?

Theworldisdifferentinthewayofscienceandtechnology.Peoplehavemodernandadvancedscienceandtechnology.

☐power:

thepowerofscienceandtechnology

Sciencecanbeusedtogetridofpoverty.Sciencecanbeusedtodestroyallhumanbeings

Eg.SlaverywasabolishedintheUSinthe19thcentury.

☐Manhasmadegreatprogressinscienceandtechnologysohehasthepower（scientificfarming,speedytransportation,massproduction,etc.）toabolishpoverty,buthealsohasthepower（missiles,bombs,nuclearweapons,etc.）todestroyhumanlife.Hencetheworldisdifferentnow.

revolutionarybelief:

itreferstoapassageintheAmericanDeclarationofIndependence:

“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness

Andyetthesame...aroundtheglobe:

OurancestorsfoughtarevolutionarywartomaintainthatallmenwerecreatedequalandGodhadgiventhemcertainunalienablerightswhichnostateorrulercouldtakeawayfromthem.Buttodaythisissuehasnotyetbeendecidedinmanycountriesaroundtheworld.

⏹Para.3:

generalpolicyoftheUS

☐PeopleintheUSmustkeepanddefendhumanrightsnotonlyintheUSbutalsointheworldaswell.

Wedarenot...firstrevolution:

Wedarenotforgetthatwearethedescendantsofthosewhofoughtthewarofindependence.Hencewemustalwaysbearinmindthebeliefsandidealsourancestorsfoughtanddiedfor.Wemustbeprepared,ifnecessary,tofightanddieforthemtoday.

torch:

metaphor.ItsoriginalreferenceistotheOlympicGamesbeforewhichatorchiscarriedfromrunnertorunner.Hereitrefersto“inspirationsandideals”.

temper:

v.tocausetobecomefirm使变坚韧

temperedbywar:

TheAmericansofthe20thcenturyfoughttwoworldwars,sotheyarewelltempered

disciplined:

receivedtrainingthatdevelopedselfcontrolandcharacter

hardandbitterpeace:

peacebutcoldwar,hence“hardandbitter’’

towitnessorpermittheslowundoing:

toseeorallowthegradualabolishingof

⏹Para.4:

strongdetermination.KennedyputstheUSinthepositionoftheworldleader,andhesaysinordertokeephumanrights,“weshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden,...”.

☐Theaddressistobothfriendsandfoes.Itpromisestosupportanyfriendandtoopposeanyfoe.

Thephrases“payanyprice,bearanyburdenandmeetanyhardship”areintendedtoshoreupthewaningconfidenceofheralliesasmuchastowarnanyprospectivefoe.

⏹Para.5:

transitionAonesentenceparagraphthatfunctionsasatransitionfromthegeneraltothespecific.Inthefollowingparagraphshewillbeaddressingdifferentspecificgroupsofnations.

⏹Para.6:

thespecificpolicytowardhisfriendsandwould-befriends

Tothoseoldallies…splitasunder:

InthisparagraphKennedyaddressesthewhiteEuropeancountriesingeneralbuthiswordsarespecificallydirectedtoth