高级英语第二册unit 4.docx
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高级英语第二册unit4
Unit4JohnFitzgeraldKennedy(1917-1963)35thpresidentoftheUnitedStates
⏹FamilyBackgroundKennedy’sancestorscamefromIrelandandhewasthefirstRomanCatholictobecomepresidentoftheU.S.HewasbornonMay29,1917inBrookline,Massachusetts,wherehisgrandfatherhadbeenelectedtomanyoffices.HisfatherJosephP.Kennedybecametheyoungestbankpresidentofthecountryattheageof25.OnSeptember12,1953,KennedyandJacquelineBouvierweremarried.Theyhadthreechildren.
Hewrote"ProfilesinCourage",《勇敢者传略》whichwonaPulitzerprize.
*1947-1952servedasrepresentativeinthecongress1952electedtothesenate
*1960wontheDemocraticnominationforpresidentanddefeatedRichardNixon,Republican
AssassinationHisassassinationatDallasinNovember1963wasashockfromwhichtheU.S.hasfoundithardtorecoverandthemurderisstillariddle.In1963,KennedyjourneyedtoTexasforaspeech-makingtour.onNovember22,heandhiswifewerecheeredastheiropencarpassedthroughthestreets.Suddenly,at12:
30intheafternoon,anassassinfiredseveralshots,strikingthepresidenttwiceinthebaseoftheneckandthehead.KennedywasrushedtoHospital,wherehewaspronounceddeadaboutahalfhourlater.Withintwohours,VicepresidentJohnsontooktheoathaspresident.
⏹Contributions
1.HismostimportantactwashissuccessfuldemandonOct.22,1962thattheSovietUniondismantleitsmissilebasesinCuba.
2.Heestablishedaquarantine(隔离检疫期)ofarmsshipmentstoCuba
3.HedefiedSovietattemptstoforcetheAlliesoutofBerlin.
4.Hemadethesteelindustryrescind(废除)apricerise.
5.Hebacked:
civilrightsmovements;amentalhealthprogram;arbitrationofrailroaddisputes;expandedmedicalcarefortheaged;astronautflightsandsatelliteorbiting
LincolnandKennedy
⏹AbrahamLincolnwaselectedtoCongressin1846.JohnF.KennedywaselectedtoCongressin1946.
⏹AbrahamLincolnwaselectedPresidentin1860.JohnF.KennedywaselectedPresidentin1960.
⏹ThenamesLincolnandKennedyeachcontainsevenletters.
⏹Bothwereparticularlyconcernedwithcivilrights.
⏹BothwiveslosttheirchildrenwhilelivingintheWhiteHouse.
⏹BothPresidentswereshotonaFriday.shotinthehead.
⏹Lincoln’ssecretarywasnamedKennedy.Kennedy’ssecretarywasnamedLincoln.
⏹BothwereassassinatedbySoutherners.BothweresucceededbySoutherners.
⏹BothsuccessorswerenamedJohnson.
⏹AndrewJohnson,whosucceededLincoln,wasbornin1808.
⏹LyndonJohnson,whosucceededKennedy,wasbornin1908.
⏹JohnWilkesBooth,accusedofassassinatingLincoln,wasbornin1839.
⏹LeeHarveyOswald,accusedofassassinatingKennedy,wasbornin1939.
⏹Bothnamescomprisefifteenletters
InaugurationDayOnApril30,1789,GeorgeWashingtonsteppedontoabalconyofFederalHallinNewYorkCity,placedhishandonaBibleandsworeto“preserve,protestanddefendtheconstitutionoftheUnitedStates”.Hethenreadanearnestspeech,callingfor
“unitedandeffectivegovernment”.ThusbeganauniqueAmericaninstitution—InaugurationDay—thosedramatichourswhenanewpresidentfacesthepeopleforthefirsttime.Hemusttellthepeoplewhathe’sgoingtodoaspresident.
TheInaugurationDayhasbeenonJanuary20since1937.
⏹InauguralAddressMemorablewordshavebeenutteredininauguraladdress.Itisaspeech,lectureofficiallymadebyapersonontakingoffice.
⏹GeneralAnalysisofaPoliticalSpeech
Thepurposeofapoliticalspeechistoexplain,convinceandpersuadethepeoplethatwhatheissayingandplanningtodobestrepresentstheirinterestssotheyshouldsupporthim.
1.Hemusttryeverypossiblemeanstoarousethefeelingsofaudience.Whathesaysrepresentstheinterestsofthewholepeople.successfulappealtotheemotionoftheaudience
2.specificpolicyThespeechmustcontainhigh-soundingwordsandemptypromises
3.Thespeechmustbeconciseandshort
4.clever-choiceofwordstoconveydifferentmeanings/tones.
5.theuseofbiblicalstyletomakeitformal/rigid.
6.theuseofalotofrhetoricaldevicestomakehisaddressaspowerful/impressiveaspossible
AsPresidentoftheUnitedStates,Kennedyhastoaddressaworldwideaudience.HehastoappealnotonlytotheAmericanpeoplebutalsotothedifferentgroupsofnationsintheinternationalcommunity
⏹SocialBackgroundKennedybecamePresidentin1960’s
Coldwarmarksthesituationin1960’s.Theworldismainlydividedintotwohostilecamps.
1)socialistcamp—headedbytheSovietUnion2)capitalistcamp—headedbytheU.S.
Kennedywasaneloquentspeaker.Heisspeciallytrained.Thisspeechisverypowerfulandwonderful.Helayshisemphasisonthesuccessfulappealtotheemotionofthelisteners.Infact,mostAmericansregardhisinauguraladdressasoneofthebestdeliverybyanAmericanPresident.
SectionI(paras.1-5)Introduction,thegeneralstatementofthebasicpolicyoftheUS
SectionII(paras.6-10)Headdressesdifferentgroupsofalliednationsandwould-bealliednations;friendsandwould-befriends.
SectionIII(paras.11-20)Hisspecificpolicytowardtheenemy.
1.pointoutthedanger2.pointouthepositionofstrength3.pointoutthesituationandneed.
Bothsidesfeeluneasy.a)Bothsidesareoverburdenedwiththecostofmodernweapons.b)Bothsidesareanxiouswiththewidespreadarms.c)Bothtrytochangetheuncertainbalanceofmilitarypower.
⏹Proposals:
1.controlarms2.usescienceforpeacepurpose3.enjoyhumanrights
Object:
tomakeanewworldorder
SectionIV(paras.21-27)conclusion
HecallsontheAmericanstosupporthimandtosacrificetheirlivesfortheircountry.Hecallsonthepeopleofthewholeworldtounitandworkforthefreedomofmen
DetailedStudyoftheText
Para.1:
Kennedyisemphasizingtheimportanceofhiselectionaspresident.ItisnotsimplyavictoryoftheDemocraticPartyovertheRepublicanParty.Itcelebratesthefreedomofpeopletoelectfreelytheirownheadofstate.Itsymbolizestheendofonepresidentialterm(thatofEisenhower)andthebeginningofanewterm(thatofKennedy).Thepresidencyortheofficeofpresidentisrenewed.
1.freedom:
Wecelebratefreedom.PeopleintheUSarefreetochoosetheirpresident.
2.end:
theendofEisenhower’spresidentialterm
3.beginning:
thebeginningofKennedy’spresidentialterm
4.renewal:
thecontinuationofpresidencyandofficeofpresident
5.change:
thechangefromEisenhowertoKennedy
6.solemnoath:
refertoanextremelyformalandinspiringreligiousritual.veryserious.
7.acenturyandthree-quartersago:
ThefirstpresidentialoathtakenbyWashingtononApril30,1789
⏹Para.2:
thegeneralsituationofthisworld
Question:
Inwhatwayistheworlddifferent?
Theworldisdifferentinthewayofscienceandtechnology.Peoplehavemodernandadvancedscienceandtechnology.
☐power:
thepowerofscienceandtechnology
Sciencecanbeusedtogetridofpoverty.Sciencecanbeusedtodestroyallhumanbeings
Eg.SlaverywasabolishedintheUSinthe19thcentury.
☐Manhasmadegreatprogressinscienceandtechnologysohehasthepower(scientificfarming,speedytransportation,massproduction,etc.)toabolishpoverty,buthealsohasthepower(missiles,bombs,nuclearweapons,etc.)todestroyhumanlife.Hencetheworldisdifferentnow.
revolutionarybelief:
itreferstoapassageintheAmericanDeclarationofIndependence:
“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness
Andyetthesame...aroundtheglobe:
OurancestorsfoughtarevolutionarywartomaintainthatallmenwerecreatedequalandGodhadgiventhemcertainunalienablerightswhichnostateorrulercouldtakeawayfromthem.Buttodaythisissuehasnotyetbeendecidedinmanycountriesaroundtheworld.
⏹Para.3:
generalpolicyoftheUS
☐PeopleintheUSmustkeepanddefendhumanrightsnotonlyintheUSbutalsointheworldaswell.
Wedarenot...firstrevolution:
Wedarenotforgetthatwearethedescendantsofthosewhofoughtthewarofindependence.Hencewemustalwaysbearinmindthebeliefsandidealsourancestorsfoughtanddiedfor.Wemustbeprepared,ifnecessary,tofightanddieforthemtoday.
torch:
metaphor.ItsoriginalreferenceistotheOlympicGamesbeforewhichatorchiscarriedfromrunnertorunner.Hereitrefersto“inspirationsandideals”.
temper:
v.tocausetobecomefirm使变坚韧
temperedbywar:
TheAmericansofthe20thcenturyfoughttwoworldwars,sotheyarewelltempered
disciplined:
receivedtrainingthatdevelopedselfcontrolandcharacter
hardandbitterpeace:
peacebutcoldwar,hence“hardandbitter’’
towitnessorpermittheslowundoing:
toseeorallowthegradualabolishingof
⏹Para.4:
strongdetermination.KennedyputstheUSinthepositionoftheworldleader,andhesaysinordertokeephumanrights,“weshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden,...”.
☐Theaddressistobothfriendsandfoes.Itpromisestosupportanyfriendandtoopposeanyfoe.
Thephrases“payanyprice,bearanyburdenandmeetanyhardship”areintendedtoshoreupthewaningconfidenceofheralliesasmuchastowarnanyprospectivefoe.
⏹Para.5:
transitionAonesentenceparagraphthatfunctionsasatransitionfromthegeneraltothespecific.Inthefollowingparagraphshewillbeaddressingdifferentspecificgroupsofnations.
⏹Para.6:
thespecificpolicytowardhisfriendsandwould-befriends
Tothoseoldallies…splitasunder:
InthisparagraphKennedyaddressesthewhiteEuropeancountriesingeneralbuthiswordsarespecificallydirectedtoth