新托福考试阅读讲义.docx

新托福考试阅读讲义.docx

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新托福考试阅读讲义

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1.句子简化题

TheGreatRedSpot

OnedistinctivefeatureoftheplanetJupiteristheGreatRedSpot,amassiveovalofswirlingreddish-brownclouds.WereEarthtobejuxtaposedwiththeGreatRedSpot,ourplanetwouldbedwarfedincomparison,withadiameterlessthanhalfthatoftheGreatRedSpot.TheSpot’sclouds,mostlikelytintedredasaresultofthephosphorusthattheycontain,circulateinacounterclockwisedirection.TheouterwindsrequiresixEarthdaystocompletethecircumferenceoftheGreatRedSpot,alengthoftimeindicativeofvastnessoftheGreatRedSpot.

1.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.ThedensityoftheGreatRedspotismuchhigherthanthattheEarth.

B.IfthediameteroftheGreatRedSpotweredoubled,itwouldequalthatoftheEarth.

C.ByplacingtheEarthnexttotheGreatRedSpot,onecouldseetheEarthhasamuchsmallerdiameter.

D.BecausetheEarthisclosetotheGreatRedSpot,Earthisinfluencedbyitshugesize.

答案：

C

2.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.TheEarth’souterwindsmoveadistanceequaltothecircumferenceoftheGreatRedSpot.

B.TheouterwindsoftheGreatRedSpotmovemorequicklythandothoseonEarth.

C.TheWindsmovingacrosstheGreatRedSpotfinallychangedirectioneverysixEarthdays.

D.ThefactthatthewindstakesolongtomovearoundtheGreatRedSpotproveshowbigitis.

答案：

D

PassageOne（Question1-2）

Camouflage

CamouflageisoneofthemosteffectivewaysforanimalstoavoidattackinthetreelessArctic.However,thesummerandwinterlandscapestherearesodiversethatasingleprotectivecoloringschemewould,ofcourse,proveineffectiveinoneseasonortheother.Thus,manyoftheinhabitantsoftheArctictundrachangetheircamouflagetwiceayear.Thearcticfoxisaclear-cutexampleofthisphenomenon;itsportsabrownish-graycoatinthesummerwhichthenturnswhiteascoldweathersetsin,andtheprocessreversesitselfinthespringtime.Itsbrownish-graycoatblendsinwiththebarrentundralandscapeinthemonthswithoutsnow,andthewhitecoatnaturallyblendsinwiththelandscapeofthefrozenwintertimetundra.

1.Whichofthesentencesbelowexpressestheessentialinformationinthefirsthighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.OppositeconditionsinsummerandinwinternecessitatedifferentprotectivecolorationforArcticanimals.

B.ThecolorationofthesummerandwinterlandscapesintheArcticfailstoprotecttheArctictundra.

C.Inasingleseason,protectivecoloringschemeareineffectiveinthetreelessArctic.

D.Formanyanimals,asingleprotectivecoloringschemeeffectivelyprotectsthemduringsummerandwintermonths.

答案：

A

2.Whichofthesentencesbelowexpressestheessentialinformationinthesecondhighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.Thearcticfoxisunusualinthathecolorofitscoatchangesfornoreason.

B.Thearcticfoxlivesinanenvironmentthatisbrownishgrayinthesummerandwhiteinthewinter.

C.ItisaphenomenonthatthecoatofthearcticfoxturnswhiteIthespringtimeandgrayinthefall.

D.Thearcticfoxdemonstratesthatprotectivecolorationcanchangeduringdifferentseasons.

答案：

D

PassageTwo（Question3-6）

Post-itNotes

Post-itNoteswereinventedinthe1970satthe3McompanyinMinnesotaquitebyaccident,Researchersat3Mwereworkingondevelopingdifferenttypesofadhesives,andoneparticularlyweakadhesive,acompoundofacrylatecopolymermicrospheres,wasdeveloped.Employeesat3Mwereaskediftheycouldthinkofauseforaweakadhesivewhich,provideditdidnotgetdirty,couldbereused.Onesuggestionwasthatitcouldbeappliedtoapieceofpapertouseasabookmarkthatwouldstayinplaceinabook.Anotherusewasfoundwhentheproductwasattachedtoareportthatwastobesenttoacolleaguewitharequestforcommentsonthereport;thecolleaguemadehiscommentsonthepaperattachedtothereportandreturnedthereport.TheideaforPost-itNoteswasborn.

Itwasdecidedwithinthecompanythattherewouldbeatestlaunchofproductin1977infourAmericancities.Salesofthisinnovativeproductintestcitieswerelessthanstellar,mostlikelybecausetheproduct,whileinnovative,wasalsoquiteunfamiliar.AfinalattemptwasthenmadeinthecityofBoisetointroducetheproduct.Inthatattempt,3MsalesmengavedemonstrationsoftheproductinofficesthroughoutBoiseandgaveawayfreesamplesoftheproduce.Whenthesalesmenreturnedaweeklatertotheofficeworkers,havingnotedhowusefulthesimplelittleproductcouldbe,wereinterestedinpurchasingit.Overtime,3Mcametounderstandthehugepotentialofthisnewproduct,andoverthenextfewdecadesmorethan400varietiesofPost-itproducts-indifferentcolors,shapes,andsizes–havebeendeveloped.

3.Whichofthesentencesbelowexpressestheessentialinformationinthefirsthighlightedsentenceinthepassage1?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.Ofthemanyadhesivesthatwerebeingdevelopedat3M,onewasnotaparticularlystrongadhesive.

B.Researchersat3Mspentmanyyearstryingtodevelopareallyweakadhesive.

C.Numerousweakadhesivesresultedfromaprogramtodevelopthestrongestadhesiveofall.

D.Researcherswereassignedtodevelopdifferenttypesofusesforacrylatecopolymermicrospheres.

答案：

A

4.Whichofthesentencesbelowexpressestheessentialinformationinthesecondhighlightedsentenceinthepassage1?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.The3Mcompanysuggestedapplyingforapatentontheproductinareportpreparedbyacolleague.

B.Oneunexpectedly-discoveredusefortheadhesivewasinsendingandreceivingnotesattachedtodocuments.

C.Anotewasattachedtoareportaskingforsuggestionforusesofoneof3M’sproducts.

D.Acolleaguewhodevelopedthenewproductkeptnoteswithsuggestionsbyotherworkers.

答案：

B

5.Whichofthesentencesbelowexpressestheessentialinformationinthefirsthighlightedsentenceinthepassage2?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.The3Mcompanywasunfamiliarwiththeprocessofusingtestcitiestointroduceinnovativeproducts.

B.Salesoftheproductsoaredeventhoughtheproductwasquiteunfamiliartomostcustomers.

C.Thenewproductdidnotsellwellbecausepotentialcustomersdidnotunderstandit.

D.Aftersellingtheproductforawhile,thecompanyunderstoodthattheproductwasnotinnovativeenough.

答案：

C

6.Whichofthesentencesbelowexpressestheessentialinformationinthesecondhighlightedsentenceinthepassage2?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.Thecompanyimmediatelyunderstoodthepotentialoftheproductandbegantodevelopitfurther.

B.Thecompanyworkedovertimetodevelopitsnewproduct,initiallycreatingnumerousvarietiestomakeitsuccessful.

C.Thecompanyinitiallyintroduced400varietiesoftheproductandthenwatchedfordecadesassalesimproved.

D.Ittooksometimeforthecompanytounderstandhowimportantitsnewproductwasandhowmanyvariationwerepossible.

答案：

D

2.排除列举题

ThegeologyoftheEarth'ssurfaceisdominatedbytheparticularpropertiesofwater.

PresentonEarthinsolid,liquid,andgaseousstates,waterisexceptionallyreactive.It

dissolves,transports,andprecipitatesmanychemicalcompoundsandisconstantly

LinemodifyingthefaceoftheEarth.

（5）Evaporatedfromtheoceans,watervaporformsclouds,someofwhicharetransported

bywindoverthecontinents.Condensationfromthecloudsprovidestheessentialagentof

continentalerosion:

rain.Precipitatedontotheground,thewatertricklesdowntoform

brooks,streams,andrivers,constitutingwhatarecalledthehydrographicnetwork.This

immensepolarizednetworkchannelsthewatertowardasinglerecepatcle:

anocean.

（10）Gravitydominatesthisentirestepinthecyclebecausewatertendstominimizeits

potentialenergybyrunningfromhighaltitudestowardthereferencepoint,thatis,sea

level.

Therateatwhichamoleculeofwaterpassesthroughthecycleisnotrandombutisa

measureoftherelativesizeofthevariousreservoirs.Ifwedefineresidencetimeasthe

（15）averagetimeforawatermoleculetopassthroughtoneofthethreereservoirs—

atmosphere,continent,andocean—weseethatthetimesareverydifferent.Awater

moleculestays,onaverage,elevendaysintheatmosphere,onehundredyearsona

continentandfortythousandyearsintheocean.Thislastfigureshowstheimportanceof

theoceanastheprincipalreservoirofthehydrospherebutalsotherapidityofwater

（20）transportonthecontinents.

Avastchemicalseparationprocesstakesplacesduringtheflowofwateroverthe

continents.Solubleionssuchascalcium,sodium,potassium,andsomemagnesiumare

dissolvedandtransported.Insolubleionssuchasaluminum,iron,andsiliconstaywhere

theyareandformthethin,fertileskinofsoilonwhichvegetationcangrow.Sometimes

（25）soilsaredestroyedandtranspo