新托福考试阅读讲义.docx

1、新托福考试阅读讲义阅读部分1. 句子简化题The Great Red Spot One distinctive feature of the planet Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a massive oval of swirling reddish-brown clouds. Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Gre

2、at Red Spot. The Spots clouds, most likely tinted red as a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in a counterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to complete the circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative of vastness of the Great Red Spot.

3、 1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth.B. If the diameter o

4、f the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth.C. By placing the Earth next to the Great Red Spot, one could see the Earth has a much smaller diameter.D. Because the Earth is close to the Great Red Spot, Earth is influenced by its huge size.答案：C2.Which of the sentences below bes

5、t expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. The Earths outer winds move a distance equal to the circumference of the Great Red Spot. B. The outer winds of the Great Red

6、 Spot move more quickly than do those on Earth. C. The Winds moving across the Great Red Spot finally change direction every six Earth days. D. The fact that the winds take so long to move around the Great Red Spot proves how big it is.答案：DPassage One (Question 1-2)Camouflage Camouflage is one of th

7、e most effective ways for animals to avoid attack in the treeless Arctic. However, the summer and winter landscapes there are so diverse that a single protective coloring scheme would, of course, prove ineffective in one season or the other. Thus, many of the inhabitants of the Arctic tundra change

8、their camouflage twice a year. The arctic fox is a clear-cut example of this phenomenon; it sports a brownish-gray coat in the summer which then turns white as cold weather sets in, and the process reverses itself in the springtime. Its brownish-gray coat blends in with the barren tundra landscape i

9、n the months without snow, and the white coat naturally blends in with the landscape of the frozen wintertime tundra.1. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave ou

10、t essential information.A. Opposite conditions in summer and in winter necessitate different protective coloration for Arctic animals.B. The coloration of the summer and winter landscapes in the Arctic fails to protect the Arctic tundra.C. In a single season, protective coloring scheme are ineffecti

11、ve in the treeless Arctic.D. For many animals, a single protective coloring scheme effectively protects them during summer and winter months.答案：A2. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning

12、in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The arctic fox is unusual in that he color of its coat changes for no reason.B. The arctic fox lives in an environment that is brownish gray in the summer and white in the winter.C. It is a phenomenon that the coat of the arctic fox turns white

13、 I the springtime and gray in the fall.D. The arctic fox demonstrates that protective coloration can change during different seasons.答案：DPassage Two (Question 3-6)Post-it NotesPost-it Notes were invented in the 1970s at the 3M company in Minnesota quite by accident, Researchers at 3M were working on

14、 developing different types of adhesives, and one particularly weak adhesive, a compound of acrylate copolymer microspheres, was developed. Employees at 3M were asked if they could think of a use for a weak adhesive which, provided it did not get dirty, could be reused. One suggestion was that it co

15、uld be applied to a piece of paper to use as a bookmark that would stay in place in a book. Another use was found when the product was attached to a report that was to be sent to a colleague with a request for comments on the report; the colleague made his comments on the paper attached to the repor

16、t and returned the report. The idea for Post-it Notes was born. It was decided within the company that there would be a test launch of product in 1977 in four American cities. Sales of this innovative product in test cities were less than stellar, most likely because the product, while innovative, w

17、as also quite unfamiliar. A final attempt was then made in the city of Boise to introduce the product. In that attempt, 3M salesmen gave demonstrations of the product in offices throughout Boise and gave away free samples of the produce. When the salesmen returned a week later to the office workers,

18、 having noted how useful the simple little product could be, were interested in purchasing it. Over time, 3M came to understand the huge potential of this new product, and over the next few decades more than 400 varieties of Post-it products - in different colors, shapes, and sizes have been develop

19、ed.3. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Of the many adhesives that were being developed at 3M, one was not a particularly str

20、ong adhesive.B. Researchers at 3M spent many years trying to develop a really weak adhesive.C. Numerous weak adhesives resulted from a program to develop the strongest adhesive of all.D. Researchers were assigned to develop different types of uses for acrylate copolymer microspheres.答案：A4. Which of

21、the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The 3M company suggested applying for a patent on the product in a report prepared by a colleague.B

22、. One unexpectedly-discovered use for the adhesive was in sending and receiving notes attached to documents.C. A note was attached to a report asking for suggestion for uses of one of 3Ms products.D. A colleague who developed the new product kept notes with suggestions by other workers.答案：B5. Which

23、of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The 3M company was unfamiliar with the process of using test cities to introduce innovative produ

24、cts.B. Sales of the product soared even though the product was quite unfamiliar to most customers.C. The new product did not sell well because potential customers did not understand it.D. After selling the product for a while, the company understood that the product was not innovative enough.答案：C6.

25、Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The company immediately understood the potential of the product and began to develop it fu

26、rther.B. The company worked overtime to develop its new product, initially creating numerous varieties to make it successful.C. The company initially introduced 400 varieties of the product and then watched for decades as sales improved.D. It took some time for the company to understand how importan

27、t its new product was and how many variation were possible.答案：D2. 排除列举题 The geology of the Earths surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemic

28、al compounds and is constantly Line modifying the face of the Earth.(5) Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the groun

29、d, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single recepatcle: an ocean.(10) Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its poten

30、tial energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level. The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the(15) average time for a water mol

31、ecule to pass throught one of the three reservoirs atmosphere, continent, and oceanwe see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importanc

32、e of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water(20) transport on the continents. A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes (25) soils are destroyed and transpo