英美概况美国部分整理.docx

英美概况美国部分整理.docx

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英美概况美国部分整理

America

ØTheFoundingofColonies殖民地的建立

FirstInhabitants：

AmericanIndians

DiscoveryoftheNewWorld：

1492ChristopherColumbus→thediscovererofAmerica

（Italian）SpanishQueen’ssupport

1501-2AmerigoVespucci→thenewlandwasnameafterhimasAmerica.

reachedthemouthofAmazonRiver

America—theNewWorld

Europe—theOldWorld

13colonies：

NewEnglandColonies:

MidAtlanticColonies:

SouthernColonies:

Massachusetts→（2ndcolony，1620）NewYorkMaryland

NewHampshirePennsylvaniaVirginia→（1stcolony，1607）

RhodeIslandDelawareNorthCarolina

ConnecticutSouthCarolina

Georgia→（thelastcolony，1733）

NewEnglandRegion（6个）:

Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,Connecticut,NewHampshire,MaineandVermont

建立原因：

Virginia,1607

VirginiaCompany

ForforeignexpansionasawayofeasingreligiousdisputeandeconomicdistressinEngland

105men（nowomen）

Jamestowninhonoroftheking

MassachusettsIn1620

102Puritans（“PilgrimFathers”）,inMayflower,fromPlymouthinEnglandtoAmerica

FirstinPlymouth（today’sMassachusetts）;andthenBoston

Seekreligiousfreedom

MayflowerCompact<五月花号公约>：

self-government

Hardshipswhenarrived

thehelpoftheIndians

ThanksgivingDaytothanktheIndiansandtheGodforprotection

Thenextthreecolonies

RhodeIsland,Connecticut,NewHampshire

Reasons:

1.religiousdisputesandstrugglesinMassachusettsintensified

2.moreimmigrants

MaineandVermont

Reason:

Proximity（邻近）

Non-EnglishColonies

NewYork,NewJerseywerefirstcolonizedbytheDutch.

DelawarewasfoundedbytheSwedish.

Pennsylvania:

Quakers/theSocietyofFriends（anothergroupofEnglishProtestant）

WilliamPenn,thefounder

Grantedcolonies

MarylandgrantedbyCharlesItohisfriendLordBaltimoreasarefugeforEnglishCatholics.

SouthCarolinaandNorthCarolinagivenbyCharlesIItohiseightclosesupporters.

ThelastcolonyGeorgia

Ahaven（港口，避难所）forEnglishprisonersofdebtwhocouldnotdischargetheirdebts.

ØTheEarlyImmigrants最初的殖民与殖民生活

WhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestants（WASPs）

Reasonstoimmigrate:

1.religiousdisputes（persecuteCatholicsandProtestants）

2.tobecomerichintheNewWorld（Protestantworkethic）

3.poormenasindenturedservants（契约劳工）

4.convicts

Americanculture:

AblendingofEuropeancultures,butnotameretransplantation.

Newvalues:

1.newideasandreforms

2.adaptations:

lessformalandmorepractical;lessconservativeandmoreoutspoken

3.industrious

4.elasticity（弹性，灵活性）,tolerance,compromise

5.religionasaprivateaffair

6.libertyanddemocracy

ØBostonTeaParty波士顿倾茶事件

RelationbetweenEnglandandColonies

Economic:

supplyEnglandwithrawmaterialswhileimportinggoodsmanufacturedinEngland.

England←Rival;sevenyearswar（1756-1763）→France

ProtectionMakeuseofIndianstoattackeachother

↓

EnglishcoloniesinAmerica←attack→Indians

波士顿倾茶事件

Cause:

EnglandallowtheEastIndiaCompanytoundersellteawithoutpayingimporttaxinthecolonies.

Place&Time：

December16,1773,Bostonharbor

英国惩罚措施IntolerableActs：

asktopaytealoss；todepriveself-rule

Result:

Thispolicyarousedthecolonialoppositionandtheydeclared“notaxationwithoutrepresentation”.

ØTwoContinentalCongresses两次大陆会议

1stContinentalCongress

Sept.5,1774inPhiladelphia

Delegatesfrom12coloniesexceptGeorgia

Document:

DeclarationofRightsandGrievances《权利和不满宣言》

RejectedbytheBritishParliament

Colonialmilitiamenwereorganized.

Thefirstarmedclash（莱克星顿的枪声——导火索）

April19,1775;GunshotsatthevillageLexington,nearBoston

2ndContinentalCongress

May10,1775inPhiladelphia,IndependenceHall

OrganizeandequipanAmericanarmy

AppointingGeorgeWashingtonascommander-in-chief

Askforhelpfromothercountries,esp.France

Publicsupport:

1776,ThomasPainepublishedCommonSenseandTheAmericanCrisis

ØDeclarationofIndependence独立宣言

Duringthe2ndContinentalCongress

——Acommittee,（composedofThomasJefferson,BenjaminFranklin,JohnAdamandothermembers）

TodrawuptheDeclarationofIndependence.

ItwasdraftedbyThomasJeffersononJuly4th,1776（IndependenceDay/theNationalDayoftheUS）

wasamilestoneinAmericanhistory.

ItisremarkableinthatitapproachestheproblemofAmericanindependencefromtheangleofhumanrights.

“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness;thattosecuretheserights,governmentsareinstitutedamongmen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentthegoverned;thatwheneveranyformofgovernmentbecomesdestructiveoftheseends,itistherightofthepeopletoalterortoabolishit,andtoinstituteanewgovernment...”

---DeclarationofIndependence,draftedbyThomasJefferson,BenjaminFranklin,JohnAdams,etc..

来源和评价：

Amasterpieceofwesternphilosophy;mainlycomesfromtheBritishphilosopherJohnLocke

equalityandfreedom

universal;beyondAmericanboundaries

ØMilitaryStruggleandtheFinalVictory战争经过和最后胜利

EnglandVSAmerica战前实力对比

EnglandAmerica

population:

10m.3million

mostadvancednotdeveloped

strongestnavynone

Highmorale

--Americans:

highmoralebutrepeatedsetbacks

Difficulties:

1.noteverycolonistsupporttherevolution:

loyalistssuchasbigmerchantsandbankers

2.theContinentalCongresscannotpasslawsanditdidnothaveanexecutivebranchtocarryoutthedecisions

3.lackmoney

4.eachcolonyismoreconcernedaboutdefendingitselfthangainingindependenceasawhole

5.lackthestrengthtofightagainsttheBritisharmy.

Turningpointandthevictories

1.Surpriseattacks游击战

2.Franklin’sdiplomaticactivitiestoobtainforeignaids,suchasaidsfromFrance,SpainandHolland.

3.Frenchvolunteers:

e.g.Lafayette

Lastvictory:

DecisivebattleatYorktownledbyWashington

OnOct.19,1781,BritishgeneralCornwallis（康沃利斯）surrendered.

ThefinalpeacetreatyTheTreatyofParisin1783acknowledgedtheAmericanIndependence.

（Thefinalpeacetreatywassignedin1782andwentineffectin1783）

ØConstitutionalConvention制宪会议

AmericaFollowingIndependence

newproblems

1）howtomakeuseofthenewterritory

--allowthefoundingofnewstates[equalityanddemocracy]

2）notverycloselyunited

--13separatestatesratherthanaunitedcountry

3）economicdifficulties

--tradeproblemwithBritain

--debtsbecauseoftheIndependanceWar

--increasingtaxandShays’RebellioninMassachusetts

TheneedforanewGovernmentwasfelt

——May25,1787,55delegatesfromallstatesexceptRhodeIslandattendedtheConstitutionalConventioninPhiladelphia.

Noeasywork:

theNorthvstheSouth

theupperclassvslowerclass

stategovernmentvscentralgovernment

ThedraftofConstitution--completedonSeptember17,1787--ConstitutionalDayoftheUS

TheFatheroftheConstitution:

JamesMadison

BillofRights（1789）:

10amendmentstotheConstitution

freedomofreligion,

freedomofspeechandthepress,

therightofpeacefulassemblyandpetition,

therighttokeepandbeararms,

therightagainstunreasonablesearchesandseizures,

therightagainstself-incrimination（自证其罪）---therightforeveryonetorefusetogivewitnessagainsthimselfinanycriminalcase.

---adefenselineagainstviolationsofhumanrights

政治体制见另一张

ØTerritorialExpansion领土扩张

WashingtonastheFirstPresident华盛顿执政期间

April6,1789,WashingtonwaselectedastheFirstPresidentbyaunanimousvoteinNewYork（provisionalcapital）

1）successintransformingthestatesintoaunion

2）Economywitnesseddevelopment

"thefirstmaninwar,thefirstmaninpeace”

WaystoExpand四种领土扩张方式

Purchase:

LouisianaPurchase,GadsdenPurchase,AlaskaPurchase,etc

War:

MexicanWar,IndependenceWar,SpanishCessions,etc.

Annexation:

MexicanAnnexation,HawaiiAnnexation,etc.

WestwardMovement

JeffersonandthePurchaseofLouisiana杰斐逊执政期间

---thirdUSPresidentin1801

---emphasizeddevelopmentofagricultureandcommerce

---favoredthewestwardexpansion

LouisianaPurchase,1803

其意义：

1.doubledtheterritoryofUSandmakepossiblefurtherexpansion

2.puttheMississippiRiversystemunderthecompletecontroloftheUS

1）stimulatetheagriculturalandindustrialdevelopmentoftheMidwest

2）appearanceoflargecitiesasChicagoandKansasCities

TheMexicanWar（1846-1848）过程

--AmericaclaimedTexas,usedtobepartofthegreatSpanishColony,wasincludedinthepurchaseofLouisiana.

--In1836,self-declarationofindependenceofTexaswithmanyAmericanSettlersfromMexico

--1846,TheMexicanWarbrokebutfinallyanunequaltreatywasforcedonMexico.

ØWestwardMovement西进运动

Expansiontothewest（endof18th-firsthalfof19thcentury）

reasontomove:

1.smallforincreasedpopulation

2.notsatisfiedwiththepresentlife

3.Americanfrontiersmen拓荒者

Themostoutstandingofallthewestwardmigrationtookplaceafterthewarof1812,thereweremany

contributingfactors:

--thewar1812drovethenativeIndians

--theFederalgovernmentbuiltroadsandcanals

--TheMississippiRiveropenedandsteamboatwasinventedin1807.

--governmentpolicy:

landforsale

--theHomesteadAct宅地法（1862PresidentLincoln）

Cities:

SanFrancisco,Portland,Denver

Thesignificanceandimportance西进运动的重要性和影响

--Frontiersmen'sInfluence

Positive:

onPolitics：

---Frontiersmenaspresidents;Jackson,LincolnandGrant

Expandedterritoryandincreasedpopulationlaidthefoundationforaglobalpower.

OnEconomics

fastdevelopmentofagriculture

foodsurplusfortrade

contributiontoindustrialization

Ontransportationandurbanization

OnAmericancharacterandvalue

---das