international trade 国贸知识点概要.docx

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international trade 国贸知识点概要.docx

internationaltrade国贸知识点概要

Contentsofacontract

1qualityofthegoods货物品质

2specification规格

①Composition成分②content容量、含量③purity纯度④strength强度⑤size尺寸

3quantityofthegoods货物数量

4modeofpacking包装种类

5termsofprice价格条款

6modeofshipment运输方式

7insurance保险

8modeofpayment付款方式

9inspection检验条款

10arbitration仲裁条款

11forcemajeure不可抗力

12claim异议索赔

Descriptionofgoods货描

①Quantityofgoods②specification③qualityofthegoods

Chapter1internationaltrade

Comparativecost比较成本opportunitycost机会成本

Tradeprotectionism

Barrier贸易壁垒①tariffbarrier关税壁垒

ⅰprotectiontariff保护关税

保护关税是为保护本国工农业发展,保护国内市场,对进出口商品征收高额的进口税。

ⅱrevenuetariff财政关税

Itisdesignedtoraisemoneyforthegovernment.

财政关税亦称收入关税,是保护关税的一种由政府发起的以财政收入为目的而征收的关税。

②non-tariffbarrier非关税壁垒

Importsurtax进口附加税①countervailingduty反补贴税

②anti-dumpingduty反倾销税

③variablelevy可变税

Typesoftariff:

Specificduty从量税

Definition:

Whichareleviedattherateofsomuchperunit,pound,kiloorgallon.

advaloremduty从价税

mixedorcompoundduty复合税

Alternativeduty选择税

Non-tariffbarriers:

Quota配额制

Definition:

Whichisaquantitativerestrictionthatisexpressedintermsofeitherphysicalquantityorvalue.

importlicense进口许可证

Definition:

Whichisanofficialpermissionofanimportthatisforbiddenwithoutalicense.

voluntaryexportrestraints自动出口限制Foreignexchangecontrol外汇管制statemonopolyofimportandexport国家垄断专营governmentprocurementpolicy政府采购业务advanceddeposit进口押金制technicalstandards进口技术标准health&sanitaryregulations保健与卫生条例packagingandlabelingregulations包装与标签规定minimumprice进口最低价

Chapter2termsofdelivery

Termsofdelivery

1measuringunit计量单位eg:

ton,meter,kilometer

2unitprice单位价格eg:

howmuch,priceorrate

3categoryofcurrency计价货币eg:

RMB,Euro,USD

4tradeterm价格术语eg:

FOB,CIF,CFR

Costport

Insuranceof

Freightdestination

↓↓

USD600perM/TCIFNewYork

↑↑↑↑

3.category2.unit1.measuring4.tradeterm

Ofcurrencypriceunit

GroupF

FCAFreeCarrier(...namedplace)=货交承运人(...指定地点)

FASFreeAlongShip(...namedportofshipment)=装运港船边交货(...指定装运港)

FOBFreeonBoard(...namedportofshipment)=装运港船上交货(...指定装运港)

ThelimitationofFOB

TheobligationthatwhoshouldbearthecostofloadingtheShipisnotclear.

DerivedFOB

1FOBlinerterms(FOB班轮条件)

(underlinerpractice,theshipownerorbuyer)

2FOBUnderTackle(FOB吊钩下交货)

(①thesellershoulddeliverthegoodswithinreachofship’stackle②thebuyerisresponsibleforliftingthegoodsontotheship.)

3FOBStowed(FOB理舱费在内)(theseller)

4FOBTrimmed(FOB平舱费在内)(theseller)

5FOBFreein(船方不负责装船)(theseller)

GroupC

DerivedCFR,CIF

CFR

1CFRlinerTerms(CFR班轮条件)

(underlinerpractice,theshipownerortheseller)

2CFRlanded(CFR卸至码头)

(theseller,whichmayinvolveLighterageandWharfage:

referstoagroupofwharves,andawharfreferstoalandingplaceorpierwhereshipscantieupinordertobeloadedorunloaded.)

3CFRFO(船方不负责装卸)(theseller)

4CFRExShipsHold(CFR舱底交接)(thebuyer)

CIFCost,InsuranceandFreight(...namedPortofdestination)=成本,保险加运费(指定目的港)

Commission佣金portofdestination目的港portofshipment运输港

Exportprocedure出口清关transportdocument运输单据insurancedocument保险单据

CPTCarriagePaidTo(...namedplaceofdestination)=运费付至(...指定目的地)

(CPT术语适用于各种运输方式,特别是多式联运multimodaltransport)

CIPCarriageandInsurancePaidTo(...namedplaceofdestination)=运费,保险费付至(...指定目的地)

GroupD

DAFDeliveredAtFrontier(...namedplace)=即边境交货(...指定地点)

(采用DAF术语成交,双方要在两国边境确定一个交货地点,并在DAF术语后面加以说明。

DESDeliveredExShip(...namedportofdestination)=船上交货(...指定目的港)

(DES通常称作目的港船上交货,在DES后注明目的港的名称。

和CIF相比,卖方不仅要承担正常的运费,保险费,还要负担如转船,绕航等产生的额外费用,因此在交货地点,风险划分界限,责任和费用的负担等问题上与CIF都有区别。

DEQDeliveredExQuay(...namedportofdestination)=码头交货(...指定目的港)

(该术语后面要加注双方约定的目的港的名称)

DDUDeliveredDutyUnpaid(...namedplaceofdestination)=未完税交货(...指定目的地)

(卖方交货地点在进口国内,术语之后注地点)

DDPDeliveredDutypaid(...namedplaceofdestination)=完税后交货(...指定目的地)

(和DDU属于同一类型的术语,区别是:

办理货物进口手续的责任和费用,包括进口税由卖方承担。

Chapter3cargopackaging,stowageandmarking

Typesofpackaging①outerpackaging外包装(transportpackaging)

②innerpackaging内包装(sale)

ⅰbale

ⅱbags

ⅲbarrel/drum

ⅳbox/case

ⅴglasscontainer

ⅵcarton

ⅶcrate/skeletoncase

Typesofmark①shippingmarks运输标志

②informationmarks

③indicativemarks指示标志

Chapter4transport

Shipper(发货人)underFOB-----buyer

(托运人)↘underGroupC-----seller

Charterparty

(contract)

Theship-owner

Parcelpost快递container集装箱multi-modaltransport多式联运

1tramps不定期船

OrShippingbyChartering租船运输

Itcanbebrokenintovoyagecharterandtimecharter.

voyagecharter定程租船❶(指按航次租用船舶)

1underacharterparty,theshipownerprovidesaspecificshipforaparticularcargoforanonlysinglevoyagefromoneormoreloadingporttooneormoredischargingparts.

voyagecharter定程租船❷

2inordertofinishthejobquickly,collectmorebusiness,andearnmoremoneyundervoyagecharter,laytime(装卸时间)orlaydays(装卸时间),demurrage(滞期费),anddispatch(速遣费)termsmustbeemphasizedbytheshipownerinthecharterparty(contract).

voyagecharter定程租船❸

Howtocalculatelaytimeorlaydays,demurrage,anddispatch?

Therearethreeways:

ⅰrunningorconsecutivedays(按连续工作日算)

ⅱworkingdays(按正常工作日算)

ⅲweatherworkingdays(按好天气工作日算)

Timecharter定期租船

2FrightRatesforliner(班轮运费)

Linerfreightratesismadeupofbasicfreightratesandsurchargesoradjustmentfactors.

Basicfreightratesiscollectedinthefollowingways:

⑴weightton按重量吨计收,即按货物的毛计收。

在运价表中用“W”表示。

⑵measurementton按尺码吨计收,即按货物的体积计收。

在运价表中用“M”表示。

⑶AdValorem按从价运费计收,通常按FOB货价的百分比计收,在运价表中用“A.V.”表示。

⑷W/MorAdVal是船公司在重量吨,尺码吨和从价费三者中最高的一种计收。

⑸Openrate议价

●Portcongestionsurcharge港口拥塞附加费

●Alterationofdestinationsurcharge变更卸货港附加费

●Deviationsurcharge绕航附加费

●Heavyliftadditional超重附加费

●Over-lengthadditional;and超长附加费

●Holdandtank(船舱)cleaningchargeforliquidcargo洗舱附加费

4billoflading提单

⑴itcanbedividedintotwokindsaccordingtowhetherthegoodstobeshippedonboardornot.

OnBoardB/L已装船提单

ReceivedforShipmentB/L备用提单

⑵itcanbedividedintotwokindstoseeifthecargoesreceivedonboardinagoodconditionornot.

CleanB/L清洁提单

UncleanorDirtyB/L不清洁提单

⑶itcanbedividedintothreekindstoseeifitcanbenegotiableornot.

StraightB/L记名提单

BlankorBearerB/L不记名提单

OrderB/L指示提单

Toorder凭指定

Toorderofⅹⅹ凭ⅹⅹ指定

Consignmentnote铁路运输货运单

Airwaybill空运提单

Parcelreceipt邮政收据

Ante-datedB/L倒签提单AdvancedB/L预期提单

StaleB/L过期提单OrderB/L指示提单

⒈clauseofshipment

❶timeofshipment

IfacontractconcludesunderGroupCandGroupFbasis,thetimeofshipmentcanbeinterpretedastimeofdelivery(交货期)

ⅰshipmentatspecialtimespan规定在某段时间内装运

Eg:

shipmentduringJanuary1998(限1998年1月装运)

ⅱshipmentsomedaysafterreceivingL/C在收到信用证后若干天内装运

Eg:

shipmentwithin30daysafterreceiptofL/C(限收到信用证后30天内装运)

❷portofshipment(装货港)andportofdestination(卸货港)

ⅰifacontractconcludesunderGroupCorFbasis,portofshipmentisaessentialfactorintheContract.

ⅱifacontractconcludesunderGroupDbasis,thereisnoneedforthebuyerstofocusonportofshipmentinthecontractnegotiation,sothebothsidesofthecontractjustfocusonportofdestination.

A:

tospecifyoneplaceasportofshipmentorportofdestination

Eg:

Portofshipment:

Shanghai

B:

tospecifyadomainasportofshipmentorportofdestination

Eg:

Portofshipment:

EMP(Europeanmainport)

❸adviceofshipment装运通知

❹partialshipmentandtransshipment分批装运和转运

❺moreorlessclause溢短装条款

ⅰvariationrange(%)数量机动范围

ⅱtheoptiononMoreorLess溢短装选择权

ⅲhowtoevaluatetheExcessivePart溢短装部分作价办法

RO/ROVessel滚装船Arefrigeratedship冷藏船Atimbership木材船

AnOBOCarrier矿石,散货,石油多用途船LASH载驳船

Ageneralorpackedcargovessel多种用途杂货船Acontainervessel集装箱船

Chapter5ForeignExchangeRate&ContractFormation--offerandacceptance

Foreignexchangerate汇率

Ifyoucompareforeigncurrencytogoods,foreignexchangeratewouldbethepriceforsellingorbuyingtheforeigncurrency

Quotation外汇牌价

Foreignexchangeratecanbedemonstratedinfourways:

Directquotation直接标价法1USD=6.67RMB

IndirectQuotation间接标价法1RBP=1.6USD

USDquotation美元标价法

Methodofmeasuringothercountries’currencyonthebasisofoneunitofUSD.

是指以一定单位的美元为基准折合若干其他国家货币的标价法。

Crossquotation交叉标价法

Howcanitbetransferredfromdirectquotationtoindirectquotation?

Worldmarket100RMB=14.66USD

Directquotation1USD=6.82RMB(RMB÷USD)

Indirectquotation1RMB=0.14USD(USD÷RMB)

Ininitialstageofcontractnegotiation,eitherthroughcorrespondentexchangeorface

Offer发盘

definiteoffer实盘

Indefiniteoffer虚盘

Counter-offer还盘

Acceptance接受

Chapter6paymenttermsinstrumentofpayments

Methodsofpayments

1.1definitionofBillofExchange,Draft汇票

汇票是指一个人向另一个人签发的,要求见票时或在将来的固定时间或可以确定的时间,对某人或其指定人或持票人支付一定金额的无条件的书面支付命令。

Itinvolvesthreepartiesindraftbusinesstransaction.

⒈drawerseller,drawerbuyer,payeebankon

Therealpayeepayerbehalfofhim

1.3differenttypesofdraft

❶itcanbebrokenintoBanker’sDraft(银行汇票)andtheCommercialDraft(商业汇票)bydifferentdrawer.

❷itcanbebrokenintoCleanBill(光票)andDocumentaryBill(跟单汇票)bywhetherbeingpresentedwithshipping,commercialandcustomsdocumentornot.

❸itcanbebrokenintoSightDraft(即期汇票)andTimeBillorUsanceBill(远期汇票)bydifferenttimearrangement,andthearrangementcanbestipulatedinthefollowingways.

ⅰatxxdaysaftersight见票后xx天付款

ⅱatxxdaysafterdate出票后xx天付款

ⅲatxxdaysafterdateofBillofLading投单签发后xx天付款

ⅳatfixeddate指定日期付款

Issuance出票presentation提示acceptance承兑payment付款

Dishonoredbillsandprotests拒付

2.1definitionforpromissorynot本票

是指一个人向另一个人签发的,保证见票时或定期在可以确定的将来时间,对某人或其制定人或出票人支付一定金额的无条件的书面承诺。

Comme

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