international trade 国贸知识点概要.docx
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internationaltrade国贸知识点概要
Contentsofacontract
1qualityofthegoods货物品质
2specification规格
①Composition成分②content容量、含量③purity纯度④strength强度⑤size尺寸
3quantityofthegoods货物数量
4modeofpacking包装种类
5termsofprice价格条款
6modeofshipment运输方式
7insurance保险
8modeofpayment付款方式
9inspection检验条款
10arbitration仲裁条款
11forcemajeure不可抗力
12claim异议索赔
Descriptionofgoods货描
①Quantityofgoods②specification③qualityofthegoods
Chapter1internationaltrade
Comparativecost比较成本opportunitycost机会成本
Tradeprotectionism
Barrier贸易壁垒①tariffbarrier关税壁垒
ⅰprotectiontariff保护关税
保护关税是为保护本国工农业发展,保护国内市场,对进出口商品征收高额的进口税。
ⅱrevenuetariff财政关税
Itisdesignedtoraisemoneyforthegovernment.
财政关税亦称收入关税,是保护关税的一种由政府发起的以财政收入为目的而征收的关税。
②non-tariffbarrier非关税壁垒
Importsurtax进口附加税①countervailingduty反补贴税
②anti-dumpingduty反倾销税
③variablelevy可变税
Typesoftariff:
Specificduty从量税
Definition:
Whichareleviedattherateofsomuchperunit,pound,kiloorgallon.
advaloremduty从价税
mixedorcompoundduty复合税
Alternativeduty选择税
Non-tariffbarriers:
Quota配额制
Definition:
Whichisaquantitativerestrictionthatisexpressedintermsofeitherphysicalquantityorvalue.
importlicense进口许可证
Definition:
Whichisanofficialpermissionofanimportthatisforbiddenwithoutalicense.
voluntaryexportrestraints自动出口限制Foreignexchangecontrol外汇管制statemonopolyofimportandexport国家垄断专营governmentprocurementpolicy政府采购业务advanceddeposit进口押金制technicalstandards进口技术标准health&sanitaryregulations保健与卫生条例packagingandlabelingregulations包装与标签规定minimumprice进口最低价
Chapter2termsofdelivery
Termsofdelivery
1measuringunit计量单位eg:
ton,meter,kilometer
2unitprice单位价格eg:
howmuch,priceorrate
3categoryofcurrency计价货币eg:
RMB,Euro,USD
4tradeterm价格术语eg:
FOB,CIF,CFR
Costport
Insuranceof
Freightdestination
↓↓
USD600perM/TCIFNewYork
↑↑↑↑
3.category2.unit1.measuring4.tradeterm
Ofcurrencypriceunit
GroupF
FCAFreeCarrier(...namedplace)=货交承运人(...指定地点)
FASFreeAlongShip(...namedportofshipment)=装运港船边交货(...指定装运港)
FOBFreeonBoard(...namedportofshipment)=装运港船上交货(...指定装运港)
ThelimitationofFOB
TheobligationthatwhoshouldbearthecostofloadingtheShipisnotclear.
DerivedFOB
1FOBlinerterms(FOB班轮条件)
(underlinerpractice,theshipownerorbuyer)
2FOBUnderTackle(FOB吊钩下交货)
(①thesellershoulddeliverthegoodswithinreachofship’stackle②thebuyerisresponsibleforliftingthegoodsontotheship.)
3FOBStowed(FOB理舱费在内)(theseller)
4FOBTrimmed(FOB平舱费在内)(theseller)
5FOBFreein(船方不负责装船)(theseller)
GroupC
DerivedCFR,CIF
CFR
1CFRlinerTerms(CFR班轮条件)
(underlinerpractice,theshipownerortheseller)
2CFRlanded(CFR卸至码头)
(theseller,whichmayinvolveLighterageandWharfage:
referstoagroupofwharves,andawharfreferstoalandingplaceorpierwhereshipscantieupinordertobeloadedorunloaded.)
3CFRFO(船方不负责装卸)(theseller)
4CFRExShipsHold(CFR舱底交接)(thebuyer)
CIFCost,InsuranceandFreight(...namedPortofdestination)=成本,保险加运费(指定目的港)
Commission佣金portofdestination目的港portofshipment运输港
Exportprocedure出口清关transportdocument运输单据insurancedocument保险单据
CPTCarriagePaidTo(...namedplaceofdestination)=运费付至(...指定目的地)
(CPT术语适用于各种运输方式,特别是多式联运multimodaltransport)
CIPCarriageandInsurancePaidTo(...namedplaceofdestination)=运费,保险费付至(...指定目的地)
GroupD
DAFDeliveredAtFrontier(...namedplace)=即边境交货(...指定地点)
(采用DAF术语成交,双方要在两国边境确定一个交货地点,并在DAF术语后面加以说明。
)
DESDeliveredExShip(...namedportofdestination)=船上交货(...指定目的港)
(DES通常称作目的港船上交货,在DES后注明目的港的名称。
和CIF相比,卖方不仅要承担正常的运费,保险费,还要负担如转船,绕航等产生的额外费用,因此在交货地点,风险划分界限,责任和费用的负担等问题上与CIF都有区别。
)
DEQDeliveredExQuay(...namedportofdestination)=码头交货(...指定目的港)
(该术语后面要加注双方约定的目的港的名称)
DDUDeliveredDutyUnpaid(...namedplaceofdestination)=未完税交货(...指定目的地)
(卖方交货地点在进口国内,术语之后注地点)
DDPDeliveredDutypaid(...namedplaceofdestination)=完税后交货(...指定目的地)
(和DDU属于同一类型的术语,区别是:
办理货物进口手续的责任和费用,包括进口税由卖方承担。
)
Chapter3cargopackaging,stowageandmarking
Typesofpackaging①outerpackaging外包装(transportpackaging)
②innerpackaging内包装(sale)
ⅰbale
ⅱbags
ⅲbarrel/drum
ⅳbox/case
ⅴglasscontainer
ⅵcarton
ⅶcrate/skeletoncase
Typesofmark①shippingmarks运输标志
②informationmarks
③indicativemarks指示标志
Chapter4transport
Shipper(发货人)underFOB-----buyer
(托运人)↘underGroupC-----seller
Charterparty
(contract)
↖
Theship-owner
Parcelpost快递container集装箱multi-modaltransport多式联运
1tramps不定期船
OrShippingbyChartering租船运输
Itcanbebrokenintovoyagecharterandtimecharter.
voyagecharter定程租船❶(指按航次租用船舶)
1underacharterparty,theshipownerprovidesaspecificshipforaparticularcargoforanonlysinglevoyagefromoneormoreloadingporttooneormoredischargingparts.
voyagecharter定程租船❷
2inordertofinishthejobquickly,collectmorebusiness,andearnmoremoneyundervoyagecharter,laytime(装卸时间)orlaydays(装卸时间),demurrage(滞期费),anddispatch(速遣费)termsmustbeemphasizedbytheshipownerinthecharterparty(contract).
voyagecharter定程租船❸
Howtocalculatelaytimeorlaydays,demurrage,anddispatch?
Therearethreeways:
ⅰrunningorconsecutivedays(按连续工作日算)
ⅱworkingdays(按正常工作日算)
ⅲweatherworkingdays(按好天气工作日算)
Timecharter定期租船
2FrightRatesforliner(班轮运费)
Linerfreightratesismadeupofbasicfreightratesandsurchargesoradjustmentfactors.
Basicfreightratesiscollectedinthefollowingways:
⑴weightton按重量吨计收,即按货物的毛计收。
在运价表中用“W”表示。
⑵measurementton按尺码吨计收,即按货物的体积计收。
在运价表中用“M”表示。
⑶AdValorem按从价运费计收,通常按FOB货价的百分比计收,在运价表中用“A.V.”表示。
⑷W/MorAdVal是船公司在重量吨,尺码吨和从价费三者中最高的一种计收。
⑸Openrate议价
●Portcongestionsurcharge港口拥塞附加费
●Alterationofdestinationsurcharge变更卸货港附加费
●Deviationsurcharge绕航附加费
●Heavyliftadditional超重附加费
●Over-lengthadditional;and超长附加费
●Holdandtank(船舱)cleaningchargeforliquidcargo洗舱附加费
4billoflading提单
⑴itcanbedividedintotwokindsaccordingtowhetherthegoodstobeshippedonboardornot.
OnBoardB/L已装船提单
ReceivedforShipmentB/L备用提单
⑵itcanbedividedintotwokindstoseeifthecargoesreceivedonboardinagoodconditionornot.
CleanB/L清洁提单
UncleanorDirtyB/L不清洁提单
⑶itcanbedividedintothreekindstoseeifitcanbenegotiableornot.
StraightB/L记名提单
BlankorBearerB/L不记名提单
OrderB/L指示提单
Toorder凭指定
Toorderofⅹⅹ凭ⅹⅹ指定
Consignmentnote铁路运输货运单
Airwaybill空运提单
Parcelreceipt邮政收据
Ante-datedB/L倒签提单AdvancedB/L预期提单
StaleB/L过期提单OrderB/L指示提单
⒈clauseofshipment
❶timeofshipment
IfacontractconcludesunderGroupCandGroupFbasis,thetimeofshipmentcanbeinterpretedastimeofdelivery(交货期)
ⅰshipmentatspecialtimespan规定在某段时间内装运
Eg:
shipmentduringJanuary1998(限1998年1月装运)
ⅱshipmentsomedaysafterreceivingL/C在收到信用证后若干天内装运
Eg:
shipmentwithin30daysafterreceiptofL/C(限收到信用证后30天内装运)
❷portofshipment(装货港)andportofdestination(卸货港)
ⅰifacontractconcludesunderGroupCorFbasis,portofshipmentisaessentialfactorintheContract.
ⅱifacontractconcludesunderGroupDbasis,thereisnoneedforthebuyerstofocusonportofshipmentinthecontractnegotiation,sothebothsidesofthecontractjustfocusonportofdestination.
A:
tospecifyoneplaceasportofshipmentorportofdestination
Eg:
Portofshipment:
Shanghai
B:
tospecifyadomainasportofshipmentorportofdestination
Eg:
Portofshipment:
EMP(Europeanmainport)
❸adviceofshipment装运通知
❹partialshipmentandtransshipment分批装运和转运
❺moreorlessclause溢短装条款
ⅰvariationrange(%)数量机动范围
ⅱtheoptiononMoreorLess溢短装选择权
ⅲhowtoevaluatetheExcessivePart溢短装部分作价办法
RO/ROVessel滚装船Arefrigeratedship冷藏船Atimbership木材船
AnOBOCarrier矿石,散货,石油多用途船LASH载驳船
Ageneralorpackedcargovessel多种用途杂货船Acontainervessel集装箱船
Chapter5ForeignExchangeRate&ContractFormation--offerandacceptance
Foreignexchangerate汇率
Ifyoucompareforeigncurrencytogoods,foreignexchangeratewouldbethepriceforsellingorbuyingtheforeigncurrency
Quotation外汇牌价
Foreignexchangeratecanbedemonstratedinfourways:
Directquotation直接标价法1USD=6.67RMB
IndirectQuotation间接标价法1RBP=1.6USD
USDquotation美元标价法
Methodofmeasuringothercountries’currencyonthebasisofoneunitofUSD.
是指以一定单位的美元为基准折合若干其他国家货币的标价法。
Crossquotation交叉标价法
Howcanitbetransferredfromdirectquotationtoindirectquotation?
Worldmarket100RMB=14.66USD
Directquotation1USD=6.82RMB(RMB÷USD)
Indirectquotation1RMB=0.14USD(USD÷RMB)
Ininitialstageofcontractnegotiation,eitherthroughcorrespondentexchangeorface
↘
Offer发盘
definiteoffer实盘
Indefiniteoffer虚盘
↘
Counter-offer还盘
↘
Acceptance接受
Chapter6paymenttermsinstrumentofpayments
Methodsofpayments
1.1definitionofBillofExchange,Draft汇票
汇票是指一个人向另一个人签发的,要求见票时或在将来的固定时间或可以确定的时间,对某人或其指定人或持票人支付一定金额的无条件的书面支付命令。
Itinvolvesthreepartiesindraftbusinesstransaction.
⒈drawerseller,drawerbuyer,payeebankon
Therealpayeepayerbehalfofhim
1.3differenttypesofdraft
❶itcanbebrokenintoBanker’sDraft(银行汇票)andtheCommercialDraft(商业汇票)bydifferentdrawer.
❷itcanbebrokenintoCleanBill(光票)andDocumentaryBill(跟单汇票)bywhetherbeingpresentedwithshipping,commercialandcustomsdocumentornot.
❸itcanbebrokenintoSightDraft(即期汇票)andTimeBillorUsanceBill(远期汇票)bydifferenttimearrangement,andthearrangementcanbestipulatedinthefollowingways.
ⅰatxxdaysaftersight见票后xx天付款
ⅱatxxdaysafterdate出票后xx天付款
ⅲatxxdaysafterdateofBillofLading投单签发后xx天付款
ⅳatfixeddate指定日期付款
Issuance出票presentation提示acceptance承兑payment付款
Dishonoredbillsandprotests拒付
2.1definitionforpromissorynot本票
是指一个人向另一个人签发的,保证见票时或定期在可以确定的将来时间,对某人或其制定人或出票人支付一定金额的无条件的书面承诺。
Comme