international trade 国贸知识点概要.docx

1、international trade 国贸知识点概要Contents of a contract1 quality of the goods货物品质2 specification规格Composition成分content容量、含量purity纯度strength强度size尺寸3 quantity of the goods 货物数量4 mode of packing 包装种类5 terms of price 价格条款6 mode of shipment 运输方式7 insurance 保险8 mode of payment 付款方式9 inspection 检验条款10 arbitrati

2、on 仲裁条款11 force majeure 不可抗力12 claim 异议索赔 Description of goods货描Quantity of goods specification quality of the goodsChapter1 international tradeComparative cost比较成本 opportunity cost机会成本Trade protectionism Barrier 贸易壁垒tariff barrier 关税壁垒 protection tariff保护关税保护关税是为保护本国工农业发展，保护国内市场，对进出口商品征收高额的进口税。 rev

3、enue tariff 财政关税It is designed to raise money for the government.财政关税亦称收入关税，是保护关税的一种由政府发起的以财政收入为目的而征收的关税。 non-tariff barrier 非关税壁垒Import surtax进口附加税countervailing duty反补贴税 anti-dumping duty反倾销税 variable levy 可变税Types of tariff:Specific duty从量税 Definition:Which are levied at the rate of so much per u

4、nit,pound,kilo or gallon.ad valorem duty从价税 mixed or compound duty复合税Alternative duty选择税Non-tariff barriers:Quota 配额制 Definition:Which is a quantitative restriction that is expressed in terms of either physical quantity or value.import license 进口许可证Definition:Which is an official permission of an im

5、port that is forbidden without a license. voluntary export restraints 自动出口限制 Foreign exchange control 外汇管制 state monopoly of import and export国家垄断专营 government procurement policy 政府采购业务 advanced deposit 进口押金制 technical standards 进口技术标准 health &sanitary regulations 保健与卫生条例 packaging and labeling regu

6、lations 包装与标签规定 minimum price 进口最低价Chapter 2 terms of deliveryTerms of delivery1 measuring unit 计量单位 eg: ton, meter, kilometer2 unit price 单位价格eg: how much, price or rate3 category of currency 计价货币eg: RMB, Euro,USD4 trade term 价格术语eg: FOB, CIF,CFR Cost port Insurance of Freight destination USD 600 p

7、er M/T CIF New York 3.category 2.unit 1.measuring 4.trade termOf currency price unitGroup FFCA Free Carrier(.named place)=货交承运人（.指定地点）FAS Free Along Ship(.named port of shipment)=装运港船边交货（.指定装运港）FOB Free on Board(.named port of shipment)=装运港船上交货（.指定装运港）The limitation of FOBThe obligation that who sho

8、uld bear the cost of loading the Ship is not clear.Derived FOB1 FOB liner terms(FOB 班轮条件)（under liner practice, the ship owner or buyer）2 FOB Under Tackle(FOB 吊钩下交货) （the seller should deliver the goods within reach of ships tacklethe buyer is responsible for lifting the goods onto the ship.）3 FOB S

9、towed (FOB 理舱费在内)（the seller）4 FOB Trimmed (FOB 平舱费在内)（the seller）5 FOB Free in （船方不负责装船）（the seller）Group CDerived CFR, CIF CFR1 CFR liner Terms(CFR 班轮条件)（under liner practice, the ship owner or the seller）2 CFR landed (CFR 卸至码头)（the seller, which may involve Lighterage and Wharfage：refers to a gro

10、up of wharves, and a wharf refers to a landing place or pier where ships can tie up in order to be loaded or unloaded.）3 CFR FO(船方不负责装卸)（the seller）4 CFR Ex Ships Hold (CFR 舱底交接）（the buyer）CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight(.named Port of destination)=成本，保险加运费（指定目的港）Commission佣金 port of destination 目的港

11、 port of shipment运输港Export procedure出口清关transport document运输单据insurance document 保险单据CPT Carriage Paid To(.named place of destination)=运费付至（.指定目的地)（CPT术语适用于各种运输方式，特别是多式联运multimodal transport）CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid To(.named place of destination)=运费，保险费付至（.指定目的地）Group DDAF Delivered At Front

12、ier (.named place)=即边境交货（.指定地点）（采用DAF术语成交，双方要在两国边境确定一个交货地点，并在DAF术语后面加以说明。）DES Delivered Ex Ship(.named port of destination)=船上交货（.指定目的港）（DES通常称作目的港船上交货，在DES后注明目的港的名称。和CIF相比，卖方不仅要承担正常的运费，保险费，还要负担如转船，绕航等产生的额外费用，因此在交货地点，风险划分界限，责任和费用的负担等问题上与CIF都有区别。）DEQ Delivered Ex Quay(.named port of destination)=码头交货

13、（.指定目的港)（该术语后面要加注双方约定的目的港的名称）DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid(.named place of destination)=未完税交货(.指定 目的地)（卖方交货地点在进口国内，术语之后注地点）DDP Delivered Duty paid(.named place of destination)=完税后交货（.指定目的地）（和DDU属于同一类型的术语，区别是：办理货物进口手续的责任和费用，包括进口税由卖方承担。）Chapter 3 cargo packaging,stowage and markingTypes of packagingouter

14、packaging 外包装（transport packaging） inner packaging 内包装 (sale)balebagsbarrel/drumbox/caseglass containercartoncrate/skeleton caseTypes of markshipping marks运输标志 information marks indicative marks指示标志Chapter 4 transport Shipper(发货人) under FOB - buyer（托运人） under Group C-seller Charter party (contract)

15、The ship-owner Parcel post 快递 container集装箱 multi-modal transport 多式联运 1 tramps 不定期船Or Shipping by Chartering 租船运输It can be broken into voyage charter and time charter.voyage charter定程租船（指按航次租用船舶）1 under a charter party, the ship owner provides a specific ship for a particular cargo for an only singl

16、e voyage from one or more loading port to one or more discharging parts.voyage charter定程租船2 in order to finish the job quickly, collect more business, and earn more money under voyage charter, laytime(装卸时间) or laydays（装卸时间）, demurrage（滞期费）, and dispatch（速遣费） terms must be emphasized by the ship owne

17、r in the charter party(contract).voyage charter定程租船How to calculate laytime or laydays, demurrage, and dispatch?There are three ways:running or consecutive days（按连续工作日算）working days（按正常工作日算）weather working days（按好天气工作日算）Time charter 定期租船2 Fright Rates for liner（班轮运费）Liner freight rates is made up of

18、 basic freight rates and surcharges or adjustment factors.Basic freight rates is collected in the following ways:weight ton 按重量吨计收，即按货物的毛计收。在运价表中用“W”表示。measurement ton 按尺码吨计收，即按货物的体积计收。在运价表中用“M”表示。Ad Valorem按从价运费计收，通常按FOB货价的百分比计收，在运价表中用“A.V.”表示。W/M or Ad Val 是船公司在重量吨，尺码吨和从价费三者中最高的一种计收。Open rate议价 Po

19、rt congestion surcharge港口拥塞附加费 Alteration of destination surcharge 变更卸货港附加费 Deviation surcharge 绕航附加费 Heavy lift additional超重附加费 Over-length additional;and 超长附加费 Hold and tank(船舱) cleaning charge for liquid cargo 洗舱附加费4 bill of lading 提单it can be divided into two kinds according to whether the goods

20、 to be shipped on board or not.On Board B/L 已装船提单Received for Shipment B/L 备用提单it can be divided into two kinds to see if the cargoes received on board in a good condition or not.Clean B/L 清洁提单Unclean or Dirty B/L 不清洁提单it can be divided into three kinds to see if it can be negotiable or not.Straight

21、 B/L 记名提单Blank or Bearer B/L 不记名提单Order B/L 指示提单 To order 凭指定 To order of 凭指定Consignment note 铁路运输货运单Air waybill 空运提单Parcel receipt 邮政收据Ante-dated B/L 倒签提单 Advanced B/L 预期提单Stale B/L 过期提单 Order B/L 指示提单 clause of shipmenttime of shipmentIf a contract concludes under Group C and Group F basis, the ti

22、me of shipment can be interpreted as time of delivery(交货期)shipment at special time span 规定在某段时间内装运Eg: shipment during January 1998(限1998年1月装运)shipment some days after receiving L/C在收到信用证后若干天内装运Eg: shipment within 30 days after receipt of L/C(限收到信用证后30天内装运)port of shipment (装货港)and port of destinatio

23、n（卸货港）if a contract concludes under Group C or F basis, port of shipment is a essential factor in the Contract. if a contract concludes under Group D basis, there is no need for the buyers to focus on port of shipment in the contract negotiation, so the both sides of the contract just focus on port

24、of destination.A: to specify one place as port of shipment or port of destinationEg: Port of shipment: ShanghaiB: to specify a domain as port of shipment or port of destinationEg: Port of shipment: EMP(European main port)advice of shipment装运通知partial shipment and transshipment分批装运和转运more or less cla

25、use溢短装条款variation range(%)数量机动范围the option on More or Less溢短装选择权how to evaluate the Excessive Part溢短装部分作价办法RO/RO Vessel 滚装船 A refrigerated ship冷藏船 A timber ship 木材船An OBO Carrier 矿石，散货，石油多用途船 LASH 载驳船A general or packed cargo vessel 多种用途杂货船 A container vessel 集装箱船Chapter 5 Foreign Exchange Rate &Con

26、tract Formation- offer and acceptanceForeign exchange rate汇率If you compare foreign currency to goods, foreign exchange rate would be the price for selling or buying the foreign currencyQuotation 外汇牌价Foreign exchange rate can be demonstrated in four ways:Direct quotation 直接标价法 1USD=6.67RMBIndirect Qu

27、otation 间接标价法 1RBP=1.6USDUSD quotation 美元标价法Method of measuring other countries currency on the basis of one unit of USD.是指以一定单位的美元为基准折合若干其他国家货币的标价法。Cross quotation 交叉标价法How can it be transferred from direct quotation to indirect quotation?World market 100RMB=14.66USDDirect quotation 1USD=6.82RMB(RM

28、BUSD)Indirect quotation 1RMB=0.14USD(USDRMB)In initial stage of contract negotiation, either through correspondent exchange or face Offer 发盘 definite offer 实盘 Indefinite offer 虚盘 Counter-offer还盘 Acceptance接受Chapter 6 payment terms instrument of payments Methods ofpayments 1.1 definition of Bill of E

29、xchange, Draft汇票汇票是指一个人向另一个人签发的，要求见票时或在将来的固定时间或可以确定的时间，对某人或其指定人或持票人支付一定金额的无条件的书面支付命令。It involves three parties in draft business transaction.drawer seller, drawer buyer, payee bank on The real payee payer behalf of him1.3 different types of draftit can be broken into Bankers Draft(银行汇票) and the Comm

30、ercial Draft(商业汇票) by different drawer.it can be broken into Clean Bill(光票) and Documentary Bill(跟单汇票) by whether being presented with shipping, commercial and customs document or not.it can be broken into Sight Draft(即期汇票) and Time Bill or Usance Bill(远期汇票) by different time arrangement, and the ar

31、rangement can be stipulated in the following ways.at xx days after sight 见票后xx天付款at xx days after date 出票后xx天付款at xx days after date of Bill of Lading 投单签发后xx天付款at fixed date 指定日期付款Issuance 出票 presentation 提示 acceptance 承兑 payment 付款Dishonored bills and protests拒付2.1definition for promissory not本票是指一个人向另一个人签发的，保证见票时或定期在可以确定的将来时间，对某人或其制定人或出票人支付一定金额的无条件的书面承诺。Comme