硕士学位论文用学视角下的国际商务口译.docx
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硕士学位论文用学视角下的国际商务口译
上海海事大学
SHANGHAIMARITIMEUNIVERSITY
硕士学位论文
MASTER’SDISSERTATION
论文题目：
语用学视角下的国际商务口译
学位专业：
外国语言学及应用语言学
作者姓名：
徐慧敏
指导教师：
史燕燕副教授
完成日期：
二OO九年六月
OnInternationalBusinessInterpretingfromthePerspectiveofPragmatics
By
XuHuimin
Supervisor
AssociateProfessorShiYanyan
AThesisSubmittedto
theCollegeofForeignLanguages
ShanghaiMaritimeUniversity
inPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirements
fortheDegreeofMasterofArts
June,2009
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
Iamgreatlyindebtedtomysupervisor,ProfessorShiYanyan.Shereadmyfirstandseconddraftsofthisthesisandprovidedmewithinvaluableadvice,whichIdofindstimulating,thought-provoking,andrewarding.It’smygoodfortunetostudyunderherguidance.
Iwouldliketooffermysincerestgratitudetomyfamilyandmygirlfriendfortheirinvaluablefeedbackandsuggestions,aswellastheircontinuedsupport,patienceandunderstanding.
Sinceregratitudealsogoestootherprofessors:
HanZhonghua,WangDawei,ZhengLixin,WengFengxiangandYuanYongfang.TheirlectureshaveagreatimpactonmywaytoacademicstudyoftheEnglishlanguage,especiallyinterpreting.Furthermore,theirindividualcharacteristicsimpressmesomuchthattheexperienceofmypostgraduatestudymakesalifelongtreasure.
Finally,Iwouldliketoexpressmydeepestgratitudetotheauthorsandthecompilersoftherelevantliteraturewhosepioneeringstudyhasconstructedawell-foundedroadtomyexploration.
摘要
口译作为跨文化交际的重要手段,在国际交往中发挥着重要的作用。
一直以来,虽然口译研究得到了国内外学者的广泛关注,但同西方相比,我国的口译研究才刚刚起步。
近几年来,对口译进行跨学科研究已经成为国外口译理论研究的热点领域,尤其是把语用学运用于口译研究更为令人关注,鉴于此,本文试图将语用学与商务口译研究结合起来，深化这一领域的探讨。
美国哲学家格赖斯（H.P.Grice）在20世纪60年代后期首次提出了著名的“合作原则”（theCooperativePrinciple）。
合作原则要求每一个交谈参与者在整个交谈过程中表现出合作态度，尽量达到自己交谈的目标和方向。
正是交谈者的这种合作使得他们能够持续地进行有意义的语言交际。
在实际生活中，为了更有效地表达自己意欲表达的言外之意，引起交际对象的注意，交际中的一方可能会故意在表面上违反合作原则，但谈话参与者的合作关系仍然存在。
这时，交际中的另一方就要根据当时的语境，推断出说话人表面违反准则的隐含意义及目的。
国际商务口译中，“合作”是谈判者共同的谈话目的或方向，所以合作原则作为会话交际的基本准则就同样适用于国际商务口译。
商务口译与其他翻译一样,是一项跨语言、跨国界、跨文化的交际活动,它不仅是个语言转化过程,还是个大商务形势下推进商务各方理解与沟通的过程,也是发展国际交流与合作的过程，这就对口译员的素质及知识结构提出了更高的要求。
本论文以国际商务语言环境和交往活动为背景，同时以格赖斯（H.P.Grice）的“合作原则”（theCooperativePrinciple）为理论基础，首先对口译的基本知识进行了介绍，并对国际商务口译做了进一步阐述。
然后全面详细地介绍了格赖斯的合作原则及其四大准则，并结合所收集的语料将合作原则用于指导国际商务口译，探讨了译员如何主动有效地运用合作原则以帮助双方建立起某种合作关系。
最后对译员在商务口译过程中的角色扮演、文化素质及知识结构等方面提出相应的要求。
关键词：
国际商务口译合作原则口译员
ABSTRACT
Withtherapidincreaseininternationalexchanges,interpreting,asaninter-lingualandcross-culturalcommunicationmediatedbytheinterpreter,haswitnessedafastandprofounddevelopmentinthepastdecades.Accordingly,researchoninterpretinghasgainedmoreandmoreattention.Recently,withtheresearchgoingon,interdisciplinarystudiesoninterpretinghasbecomeahotspotfieldbothathomeandabroad,andspecialattentionhasbeengiventotheapplicationofpragmaticsinthestudyofinterpreting.
H.P.Grice,anAmericanphilosopher,firstlyputforwardhisfamous“CooperativePrinciple”inlate1960s.Itisageneralprinciplethatallconversationalparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveaccordingtoitsfourmaxims:
Quantity,Quality,RelationandManner.However,peoplesometimesviolatetheminactualconversationsinordertoexpresshis/herunderlyingassumptionmoreeffectivelysoastoarousetheattentionofthecommunicatingobjects,whichleadstoconversationalimplicature.Evenso,therestillexistsacooperationrelationshipbetweenthetwopartiesinvolved.CooperativePrincipleisthusapplicabletointernationalbusinessinterpreting,inthattheparticipantsinvolvedalsoneedtoachievetheircommonpurposeof“cooperation”.Inaddition,theinterpreter,nolongermerelypassivelyplayingtheroleofamessengerenablingmutualunderstanding,issupposedtogetactivelyinvolvedintheconversationasafacilitator,giventhefactthatmisunderstandingorconflictsoutofdifferingculturalbackgroundsandvalueconceptsinevitablytakeplaceinthecontextofinternationalbusinessprocess.
BasedonthetheoryofH.P.Grice’sCooperativePrinciple,thispapersetsitsbackgroundunderinternationalbusinesslanguageandcommunicatingactivities.Atthebeginningofthethesis,basicknowledgeofinterpretingisintroducedandfurtherelaborationofinternationalbusinessinterpretingisprovided.ThentheauthorpresentsGrice'sCooperativePrincipleanditsfourmaximsindetailsandappliestheCPtoguidinginternationalbusinessinterpretingwithcollecteddata.SuggestionsareputforwardaccordinglyabouthowinterpreterscanmakeeffectiveuseoftheCPtohelpbothpartiesinbusinessinteractionstoestablishacertaincooperationrelationship.Finally,theinterpreter’sroleduringtheinternationalbusinessinterpretingandtherequirementsofaninterpreter’squalityandknowledgestructureareanalyzedindetail.
Keywords:
InterpreterInternationalBusinessInterpreting
TheCooperativePrinciple
CONTENTS
Introduction1
Chapter1BasicKnowledgeaboutInterpreting3
1.1DefinitionofInterpreting3
1.2OverviewofInterpreting4
1.2.1OriginofInterpreting4
1.2.2InterpretingintheWest5
1.2.3InterpretinginChina7
1.3FeaturesofInterpreting8
1.4CriteriaofInterpreting10
1.4.1Accuracy（Theclosestequivalence）10
1.4.2Fluency（Theproperspeedofrendering）11
Chapter2OverviewofInternationalBusinessInterpreting12
2.1DefinitionofInternationalBusinessInterpreting12
2.2MainCategoriesofInternationalBusinessInterpreting13
2.2.1InternationalBusinessNegotiationInterpreting13
2.2.2InternationalBusinessMeetingInterpreting13
2.2.3InternationalBusinessEscortInterpreting14
2.3FeaturesofInternationalBusinessInterpreting14
2.3.1Interactiveness15
2.3.2Fidelity15
2.3.2.1FidelityonLiteralLevel15
2.3.2.2FidelityonSemanticLevel16
2.3.2.3FidelityonFunctionalLevel16
2.3.3Flexibility16
2.3.4Professionalism17
2.4CriterionofInternationalBusinessInterpreting18
2.4.1AccuracyofInformation19
2.4.2Completenessofinformation19
2.4.3Effectivenessofinformation19
ChapterThreeBusinessInterpretingfromthePerspectiveofPragmatics21
3.1PragmaticsandBusinessInterpreting21
3.1.1BriefIntroductiontoPragmatics21
3.1.2PragmaticPerspectiveofBusinessInterpreting22
3.2TheCooperativePrinciple（CP）23
3.2.1TheFrameworkofCooperativePrinciple24
3.2.1.1TheNotionofCooperativePrinciple24
3.2.1.2TheMaximsofCooperativePrinciple25
3.2.2ViolationoftheMaxims27
3.3TheApplicationoftheCPinInternationalBusinessInterpreting31
3.3.1TheMaximofQuantityinInternationalBusinessInterpreting33
3.3.2TheMaximofQualityinInternationalBusinessInterpreting34
3.3.3TheMaximofRelevanceinInternationalBusinessInterpreting36
3.3.4TheMaximofMannerinInternationalBusinessInterpreting37
3.4InterpretingQualityAssessmentCriteriaintermsofCP38
3.4.1TheMaximofQuantity40
3.4.2TheMaximofQuality42
3.4.3TheMaximofRelation44
3.4.4TheMaximofManner45
ChapterFourQualificationRequirementsfortheInternationalBusinessInterpreter48
4.1TheInterpreter’sRoleinInternationalBusiness48
4.2QualificationRequirementsforInternationalBusinessInterpreter50
4.2.1LinguisticCompetence50
4.2.2ExtensiveProfessionalKnowledge51
4.2.3FavorableInterpretingSkills51
4.2.4CulturalAwareness52
4.2.5ProfessionalEthics52
Chapter5Conclusion54
5.1SummaryandFindings54
5.2LimitationsoftheResearch55
5.3FutureResearchDirections56
Bibliography57
Introduction
Asacross-culturalverbalcommunicationactivity,interpretingisafundamentalcommunicativetoolforpeoplespeakingdifferentlanguages.Laggingfarbehindwrittentranslationstudies,interpretingisarelativelynewregionofstudythatstartedonlyafewdecadesago.Inthepast，interpretingwasusuallystudiedfromtheperspectiveofreallifepracticeandexperiences，butlackofin-depthacademicanalysisfromotherdisciplines.However，withthefastdevelopmentofworldeconomyandculturalexchanges,interpretingstudiesfromaninterdisciplinaryperspectivebecomesbothanecessarytrendandahotspotforresearchers.
Internationalbusinessreferstoallcommercialtransactionsbetweentwoormorecountriesforthepurposeofsatisfyingtheneedofindividualsandorganizationswithmutualbenefits.TheInterpreter,bridgingthegapsbetweendifferentlanguagesandcultures,areplayinganimportantroleindoinginternationalbusinesses.Insuchacomplicatedinformationprocesslikeinternationalbusinessinterpreting,theinterpreterisresponsiblefortheexactcomprehensionofthesourceutteranceandfaithfullytransferringmessagesfromtargettosourcelanguages.Oneinappropriatechoiceofwordsorexpressionsmaycausegreatlossestobusinessinteractions.Soresearchofinternationalbusinessinterpretingfromtheperspectiveofpragmaticsisofgreatsignificanceandmaycertainlyoffersomeinsightstointerpreters.
In1967,whengivinglecturesatHarvard,HerbertGriceformulatedhisConversationalImplicatureTheoryinwhichTheCooperativePrinciple（CP）anditsfourmaximswereoriginallyputforward.AsakeyprincipleofConversationalImplicatureTheoryinpragmatics,theCPmakesgreatcontributiontoguidingconversationalcommunication.Undoubtedly,theinternationalbusinessinterpreting,aspecialconversationalprocessmediatedbyaninterpreter,canalsobeguidedwiththeCP.Intheprocessofinternationalbusiness,“cooperation”isthecommonpurposeofallparticipants,includingtheinterpreter.ThismakesCPageneralprinciplethatallconversationalparticipantsareexpectedtoobserve.Therefore,itwillbeofgreatvalueandnecessitytoconductasystematicstudyonthism
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