Book 3 Property law in general最新荷兰民法典英文版第3卷.docx

Book 3 Property law in general最新荷兰民法典英文版第3卷.docx

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Book3Propertylawingeneral最新荷兰民法典英文版第3卷

Book3Propertylawingeneral

Title3.1Generalprovisions

Section3.1.1Terminology

Article3:

1Definitionof‘property’asalegalobject

‘Property’（or‘assets’）comprisesofallthingsandallotherpropertyrights.

Article3:

2Definition‘things’

‘Things’aretangibleobjectsthatcanbecontrolledbyhumans.

Article3:

2a'Animals'

-1. Animalsarenotthings. 

-2. Provisionsrelatingtothingsareapplicabletoanimals,withdueobservanceofthelimitations,obligationsandlegalprinciplesbasedonstatutoryrulesandrulesofunwrittenlaw,aswellasofpublicorderandpublicmorality.

Article3:

3‘Immovable’and‘movable’

-1. ‘Immovable’aretheland,thenotyetminedminerals,theplantsconnectedwiththeland,andthebuildingsandconstructionspermanentlyattachedtotheland,eitherdirectlyorthroughaconnectionwithotherbuildingsorconstructions. 

-2. ‘Movable’areallthingsthatarenotimmovable.

Article3:

4‘Components’

-1. Allthat,accordingtogeneralacceptedviews（commonopinion）,formsapartofathing,isa‘component’ofthatthing.

-2. Athingthatisattachedtoanotherprincipalthinginsuchawaythatitcannotbeseparatedfromitwithoutcausingmeaningfuldamagetooneofthethings,becomesacomponentoftheprinciplething.

Article3:

5‘Householdeffects’

‘Householdeffects’areallmovablethingsinahousethatserveashouseholdgoods,upholstering,includingcurtainsanddrapes,orfurniture,withtheexceptionofbooksandcollectionsofobjectsofart,scienceorofahistoricalnature.

Article3:

6‘Propertyrights’

‘Propertyrights’arerightswhich,eitherseparatelyortogetherwithanotherright,aretransferrable,orwhichintendtogiveitsproprietormaterialbenefitorwhichareobtainedinexchangeforsuppliedortheprospectofstilltosupplymaterialbenefit.

Article3:

7‘Dependantrights’

A‘dependantright’isarightthatiscoupledtoanotherrightinsuchawaythatitcannotexistwithoutthatotherright.

Article3:

8‘Limitedpropertyrights’

A‘limitedpropertyright’isarightthatisderivedfromamorecomprehensiveright,whichisencumberedwiththelimitedpropertyright.

Article3:

9‘Naturalfruits’and‘civilfruits’（benefits）

-1. ‘Naturalfruits’arethingswhich,accordingtogeneralacceptedviews（commonopinion）,areregardedasthefruits（benefits）ofotherthings.

-2. ‘Civilfruits’arerightswhich,accordingtogeneralacceptedviews（commonopinion）,areregardedasthefruits（benefits）ofaright.

-3. Theseparatetermsofpaymentofalifeannuityareconsideredtobethefruits（benefits）ofalifeannuityright.

-4. Naturalfruitbecomesanindependentthingwhenitisactuallyseparatedfromthefruit-bearingthing.Civilfruitbecomesanindependentrightassoonasitisdue.

Article3:

10‘Registeredproperty’

‘Registeredproperty’（or‘registeredassets’）consistsofassets（thingsandpropertyrightstherein）forwhicharegistrationinanespeciallyforthispurposedesignedpublicregisterisnecessaryonordertoestablishortransferthem.

Article3:

11‘Goodfaith’

Apersonhasnotactedin‘goodfaith’asaconditionforacertainlegaleffectifhekneworinthecircumstancesreasonablyoughttohaveknownthefactsorrightsfromwhichhisgoodfaithdepends.Theimpossibilitytoconductaninquirydoesnotpreventthataperson,whohadgoodreasontodoubt,isregardedassomeonewhooughttohaveknowntherelevantfactsorrights.

Article3:

12Theprincipleof‘reasonablenessandfairness’

Atdeterminingwhattheprincipleof‘reasonablenessandfairness’demandsinaspecificsituation,onehastotakeintoaccountthegeneralacceptedlegalprinciples,thefundamentalconceptionsoflawintheNetherlandsandtherelevantsocialandpersonalinterestswhichareinvolvedinthegivensituation.

Article3:

13‘Abuseofright’

-1. Apersontowhomarightbelongsmaynotexercisethepowersvestedinitasfarasthiswouldmeanthatheabusesthesepowers.

-2. Arightmaybeabused,amongothers,whenitisexercisedwithnootherpurposethantodamageanotherpersonorwithanotherpurposethanforwhichitisgrantedorwhentheuseofit,giventhedisparitybetweentheinterestswhichareservedbyitseffectuationandtheinterestswhicharedamagedasaresultthereof,inallreasonhastobestoppedorpostponed.

-3. Thenatureofarightmayimplicatethatitcannotbeabused.

Article3:

14Noviolationofpubliclaw.

Arightorpowerthatsomeonehasbyvirtueofcivillawmaynotbeexercisedindefianceofwrittenorunwrittenrulesofpubliclaw.

Article3:

15Extensionofapplicability

TheArticles3:

11uptoandincluding3:

14arealsoapplicableoutsidethefieldofpropertylawasfarasthenatureofthelegalrelationshipdoesn’topposetothis.

Section3.1.1ALegalaspectsofelectroniccommunicationwithinpropertylaw

Article3:

15aLegaleffectsofanelectronicsignature

-1. Anelectronicsignaturehasthesamelegaleffectasahandwrittensignatureifthemethodusedforitsauthenticationissufficientlyreliable,consideringthepurposeforwhichtheelectronicdatawereusedaswellasallothercircumstancesofthesituation. 

-2. Amethodasmeantinparagraph1ispresumedtobesufficientlyreliableiftheelectronicsignaturemeetsthefollowingrequirements:

a. itislinkedinauniquewaytothesignatory;

b. itmakesitpossibletoidentifythesignatory;

c. itcomesaboutbymeansofresourceswhichthesignatoryisabletokeepunderhisexclusivecontrol;

d. itislinkedinsuchawaytotheelectronicfiletowhichitrelates,thateachmodificationofthedatacanbetracedafterwards;

e. itisbasedonaqualifiedcertificateasmeantinArticle1.1,componentsss,oftheDutchTelecommunicationAct,and; 

f. ithasbeengeneratedbyusingsafeequipmentforproducingelectronicsignaturesasmeantinArticle1.1,componentsvv,oftheDutchTelecommunicationAct.

-3. Amethodasmeantinparagraph1cannotbeconsideredtobeinsufficientlyreliableonthesolegroundthat:

-itisnotbasedonaqualifiedcertificateasmeantinArticle1.1,componentsss,oftheDutchTelecommunicationAct; 

-itisnotbasedonacertificatewhichisdeliveredbyacertificationserviceproviderasmeantinArticle18.16,firstparagraph,oftheDutchTelecommunicationAct;or

-itisnotgeneratedbyusingsafeequipmentforproducingelectronicsignaturesasmeantinArticle1.1,componentsintendedvv,oftheDutchTelecommunicationAct. 

-4. An‘electronicsignature’isunderstoodasasignaturewhichexistsfromelectronicdatalinkedtoorlogicallyassociatedwithotherelectronicdatathatisusedasamethodforauthentication.

-5. A‘signatory’isunderstoodasthepersonwhousesamethodforproducingelectronicsignaturesinthemeaningofArticle1.1,componentsintendeduu,oftheDutchTelecommunicationAct. 

-6. Partiesmaymutuallysetasideparagraph2and3asfarasitconcernstheirmutualrelationship.

Article3:

15bQualifiedcertificate

AqualifiedcertificateasmeantinArticle1.1,componentsss,oftheDutchTelecommunicationAct,issuedtothepublicbyacertificationserviceproviderlocatedinathirdcountry,hasthesamevalidityasaqualifiedcertificateissuedbyacertificationserviceproviderlocatedintheEuropeanCommunityorinoneoftheotherStateswhichareapartytotheAgreementontheEuropeanEconomicArea,if:

a. thefirstmentionedcertificationserviceprovidercomplieswiththeconditionsassetintheEuropeanRegulationnumber99/93/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandtheEuropeanCouncilof13December1999concerningacommonframeworkforelectronicsignaturesandthisserviceproviderisinpossessionofwrittenevidencethatithaspassedthetestasmeantinArticle18.16,firstparagraph,oftheDutchTelecommunicationAct,whichwrittenevidencehasbeenhandedoverbyabureauthatisestablishedforthisreasonbyoneoftheMemberStatesoftheEuropeanCommunityorbyoneoftheotherStateswhichareapartyattheagreementconcerningtheEuropeanEconomicArea,or;

b. thecertificatehasbeenvouchedforbyacertificationserviceproviderthatisseatedintheEuropeanCommunityorinoneoftheotherStateswhichareapartytotheAgreementontheEuropeanEconomicAreaandthatcomplieswiththeconditionsassetintheEuropeanRegulationnumber99/93/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandtheEuropeanCouncilof13December1999concerningacommonframeworkforelectronicsignatures;

c. thecertificateorthecertificationserviceproviderhasbeenrecognisedassuchwithintheframeworkofbilateralormultilateralConventionsbetweentheEuropeanCommunityoroneoftheotherStateswhichareapartytotheAgreementontheEuropeanEconomicAreaontheonehandandthirdStatesorinternationalorganisationsontheotherhand.

Article3:

15cExtensionofapplication

ThestatutoryprovisionsofthisSectionshallapplyaccordinglyoutsidethefieldofpropertylawandthelawofobligationsandcontractsasfarasthenatureofthejuridicalactorofthelegalrelationshipdoesnotopposetothis.

Article3:

15dAccessibilityofdataandinformation

-1. Someonewhoprovidesaserviceoftheinformationsocietymakesthefollowingdataeasily,directlyandpermanentlyaccessibleforthosewhousethisservice,inparticularforthepurposeofobtainingthefollowinginformationorofmakingthisinformationaccessible:

a. hisidentityandthegeographicaddresswhereheisseatedorlocated; 

b. datawhichmakesitpossibletocontacthimrapidlyandtocommunicatewithhiminadirectandeffectiveway,includi