英语科技论文写作讲义要点.docx

英语科技论文写作讲义要点.docx

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英语科技论文写作讲义要点

“英语科技论文写作”讲义要点

LectureNoteson

EnglishWritingofScientificPapers

（AsReprintedfromPublishedSourcesinEnglish）

内容简介

“英语科技论文的写作与发表”（简称“英语科技论文写作”）课面向中石化北京化工研究院的研究生与科研人员，共安排12周，每周2小时。

课堂教学采用“原理-实例”教学法，并有课外写作练习。

本课程旨在让学生掌握用英语写作科技论文的基本技巧，以及如何在英文期刊上发表所写论文的有效方法。

主要围绕以下20余个与论文有关的教学内容展开教学：

论文题目、作者署名、通讯地址、论文摘要、引言、实验材料和方法、论文结论、讨论、致谢、参考文献、数据列表、制图、文字处理、投稿、审稿意见处理、出版环节、订购论文抽印本、综述论文、会议论文、学位论文等。

教学进度安排（CourseOutline）

“英语科技论文写作”课（EnglishWritingofScientificPapers）

Day01---Nov.18Lecture01IntroductiononScientificWriting

1.1AboutThisShortCourse1.2WhatIsaScientificPaper

Day02---Nov.20Lecture02ComponentsofaPaper

2.1HowtoPreparetheTitle2.2HowtoListtheAuthors

Day03---Nov.25

2.3HowtoListtheAddresses2.4HowtoPreparetheAbstract

2.5HowtoWritetheIntroduction2.6HowtoWritetheMaterialsandMethodsSection

Day04---Nov.27

2.7HowtoWritetheResults2.8HowtoWritetheDiscussion

2.9HowtoCiteAcknowledgments

Day05---Dec.02

2.10HowtoPreparetheLiteratureCited2.11HowtoDesignEffectiveTables

Day06---Dec.04

2.12HowtoPrepareEffectiveIllustrations2.13HowtoTypetheManuscript

Day07---Dec.09Lecture03PublicationofaPaper

3.1WhereandHowtoSubmittheManuscript

3.2HowtoDealwithEditors（TheReviewProcess）

Day08---Dec.11

3.3HowtoDealwithPrinters（ThePublishingProcess）

3.4HowtoOrderandUseReprints

Day09---Dec.16Lecture04WritingofOtherTypesofScientificLiterature

4.1HowtoWriteaReviewPaper4.2HowtoWriteaConferenceReport

4.3HowtoWriteaThesis

Day10---Dec.18Lecture05Ethics,Rights,andPermissions

5.1ImportanceofOriginality5.2CopyrightConsiderations

Lecture06WritingStyles

6.1UseandMisuseofEnglish

Day11---Dec.23

6.2AvoidingJargon6.3HowandWhentoUseAbbreviations

Day12---Dec.25Lecture07SummaryandDiscussiononScientificWriting

7.1APersonalizedSummary7.2DiscussionwiththeParticipants

Lecture01IntroductiononScientificWriting

1.1AboutThisShortCourse

1.1.1TheImportanceofPublication

TheManofScienceappearstobetheonly

manwhohassomethingtosayjustnow—andthe

onlymanwhodoesnotknowhowtosayit.

“科学之人”看似唯一欲言之人—却也为难以为之之人。

—SIRJAMESBARRIE

詹姆斯·巴里爵士

Weinscience,ofnecessity,mustcontributetotheglutofinformation.Butletus

·doitwithlove,especiallyloveoftheEnglishlanguage,whichisthecornerstoneoftheintellectualheritageofthewesternworld;

·alsodoitwithenergy,theenergyweneedtoputintothescientificpapersothatthereaderwillnotneedtousemuchenergytogettheinformationoutofthepaper;

·husbandourmaterials,especiallyourwords,sothatwedonotwasteinordinatequantitiesofpaperandink（orbits）intryingtotelltheworldmorethanweknow.

运转寰球的四大件：

关爱（LOVE）↓↓↓能量（ENERGY）↓↓

材料（MATERIALS）↓信息（INFORMATION）↑

PublishorPerish?

Whetherornotonewhollysubscribestothe“publishorperish”adage,thereisnoquestionbutthatthegoalofscientificresearchispublication.Andscientisitsaremeasured,andbecomeknown（orremainunknown）,bytheirpublication.

Thepublicationofresearchresultsisanessentialpartoftheresearchprocess.

Ascientificexperiment,nomatterhowspectaculartheresult,isnotcompleteduntiltheresultsarepublished.Infact,thecornerstoneofthephilosophyofscienceisbasedonthefundamentalassumptionthatoriginalresearchmustbepublished;onlythiscannewscientificknowledgebeauthenticatedandthenaddedtotheexistingdatabasethatwecallscience.

Theresearchscientist,perhapsuniquelyamongthetradesandprofessions,mustprovideawrittendocumentshowingwhathedid,whyhedidit,howhedidit,andwhathelearnedfromit.

Thusthescientistmustnotonly“do”science;hemust“write”science.Althoughgoodwritingdoesnotleadtothepublicationofbadscience,badwritingcanandoftendoespreventordelaythepublicationofgoodscience.

1.1.2ThePurposeofThisShortCourse

Bypresentingcertainbasicprinciplesthatareacceptedinmostscientificdisciplines,itishopedthatthiscoursewillhelpscientistandstudentstopreparemanuscriptsthatwillhaveahighprobabilityofbeingacceptedforpublicationandofbeingcompletelyunderstoodwhentheyarepublished.

1.DefineaScientificPaper

·Towriteascientificpaper,thewritermustknowexactlywhatitisheisdoingandwhyheisdoingit.

·Tobeguiltyofdualpublication,ortousetheworkofotherswithoutappropriateattribution,isthetypeofbreachinscientificethicsthatisregardedasunforgivablebyone’speers.Therefore,exactdefinitionofwhatmygointoascientificpaper,andwhatmaynot,isofprimeimportance.

2.PartsAnalysisofaScientificPaper

·Eachindividualelementofthescientificpaperisanalyzed,itembyitem.

·Fortunately,therearecertaincommonlyacceptedrulesregardingtheconstructionofthetitle,theAbstract,theIntroduction,etc.,sothatthispartsanalysis,oncemastered,shouldservethescientistthroughouthisresearchcareer.

3.AssociatedInformationEitherTechnicalorRelatedtothePostWritingStages

·Technicalinformation:

e.g.,howtoprepareillustrativematerial;

·InformationRelatedtothePostWritingStages:

e.g.,submission,review,andpublicationprocesses.

4.RulesRelatingtoPrimaryScientificPapersAreAdjustedtoFitDifferentCircumstances

Thesecircumstancesincludethewritingofreviewpapers,conferencereports,andtheses.

5.AdditionalTopics

·SomeoftherulesofEnglishasappliedtoscientificwriting;

·Asermonagainstjargon;

·Adiscussionofabbreviations

·Asermonagainstsin.

1.2WhatIsaScientificPaper

1.2.1InexactandExactDefinitions

InexactDefinitions:

·Perhapsthebestanswertothequestion“Whatisascientificpaper”wasprovidedbythewagwhodescribedadrugas“anysubstancewhich,wheninjectedintoalaboratoryrat,producesascientificpaper.”

·Itwasoncesaidthatascientificpaperisnotdesignedtoberead.Itisdesignedtobepublished.Althoughthiswassaidinjest,thereismuchtruthtoit.And,actually,ifthepaperisdesignedtobepublished,itwillalsobeinaprescribedformthatcanberead,oratleastitscontentscanbegraspedquicklyandeasilybythereader.

·Ascientificpaperis（i）thefirstpublicationoforiginalresearchresults,（ii）inaformwherebypeersoftheauthorcanrepeattheexperimentsandtesttheconclusions,and（iii）inajournalorothersourcedocumentwhichisreadilyavailablewithinthescientificcommunity.OrasDebakey（1976）saidit,“thecontentsofanarticleshallbenew,true,important,andcomprehensible

ExactDefinitions:

In1968,theCouncilofBiologyEditors（CBE）arrivedatthefollowingdefinition:

Anacceptableprimaryscientificpublicationmustbethefirstdisclosure（N.B.Nowentryintoacomputerdatabase）containingsufficientinformationtoenablepeers

（1）toassessobservations,

（2）torepeatexperiments,and（3）toevaluateintellectualprocesses;moreover,itmustbesusceptibletosensoryperception,essentiallypermanent,availabletothescientificcommunitywithoutrestriction,andavailableforregularscreeningbyoneormoreofthemajorrecognizedsecondaryservices（e.g.,currently,BiologicalAbstracts,ChemicalAbstracts,etc.,intheUnitedStatesandsimilarfacilitiesinothercountries）.

N.B.Thisdefinitionexcludespublicationsuchasnewslettersandhouseorgans.

1.2.2OrganizationandLanguageofaScientificPaper

Ascientificpaperis,orshouldbe,highlystylized,withdistinctiveanddearlyevidentcomponentparts.Eachscientificpapershouldhave,inproperorder,itsIntroduction,MaterialsandMethods,Results,andDiscussion.

“Goodorganizationisthekeytogoodwriting”—byMSPeterson（1961）

（i）Whatwastheproblem?

→theIntroduction;

（ii）Howdidyoustudytheproblem?

→theMaterialsandMethods;

（iii）Whatdidyoufind?

→theResults;

（iv）Whatdothesefindingsmean?

→theDiscussion.

Somepeoplethinkthatthepreparationofascientificpaperhasalmostnothingtodowithwriting,perse.itisaquestionoforganization.

Inadditiontoorganization,thesecondprincipalingredientofascientificpapershouldbeappropriatelanguagewithinthatorganization.WekeepemphasizingproperuseofEnglish,becauseitisinthisareathatmostscientistshavetrouble.

DavidBTrumansaiditwell:

”Inthecomplexitiesofcontemporaryexistencethespecialistwhoistrainedbutuneducated,technicallyskilledbutactuallyincompetent,isamenace.”

Languageneednotbedifficult.Inscientificwriting,wesay:

“ThebestEnglishisthatwhichgivesthesenseinthefewestshortwords.”Literarytricks,metaphorsandthelike,divertattentionfromthemessagetothestyle.Theyshouldbeusedrarely,ifatall,inscientificwriting.

1.2.3OtherDefinitions

Originalresearchreport→scientificpaper;

·Researchreportthatarenotoriginal,ornotscientific,orsomehowfailtoqualifyasscientificpapers→areviewpaper,aconferencereport,ameetingabstract,etc.

Areviewpapermayreviewalmostanything,mosttypicallytherecentworkinadefinedsubjectareaortheworkofaparticularindividualorgroup.Thus,thereviewpaperisdesignedtosummarize,analyze,orsynthesizeinformationthathasalreadybeenpublished（researchreportsinprimaryjournals）.Althoughmuchorallofthematerialinareviewpaperhaspreviouslybeenpublished,thespectreofdualpublicationdoesnotnormallyarisebecausethereviewnatureoftheworkisusuallyobvious（ofteninthetitleofthepublication,suchasMicrobiologicalReviews,AnnualReviewo