高中化学方程式总结全面完整要点.docx
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高中化学方程式总结全面完整要点
高中化学方程式第一部分金属
1.钠
Na
4Na+O2=2Na2O
2Na+O2点燃Na2O2
Cl2+2Na点燃2NaCl
2Na+S=Na2S(爆炸
2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2↑
2Na+H2△
2NaH
2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融=4NaCl+TiNa2O
Na2O+H2O=2NaOH
2Na2O+O△
2O2
Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4
Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3
Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O
Na2O2+2Na=2Na2O(此反应用于制备Na2O
2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2↑(此反应分两步Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2=2H2O+O2↑。
H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应
2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2
Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀=Na2SO4+H2O2
NaH
NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2↑
NaOH
2NaOH+Si+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2↑
6NaOH+3S△
2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O
2NaOH+2Al+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2↑
2NaOH(过量+CO2=Na2CO3+H2O
NaOH+CO2(过量=NaHCO3
2NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O
2NaOH+Cl2=NaCl+NaClO+H2O
NaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2O
NaOH+H2S(足量=NaHS+H2O
2NaOH+H2S(少量=Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH3↓+3NaCl
NaOH+Al(OH3=NaAlO2+2H2O
NaOH+NH4Cl
△
NaCl+NH3↑+H2O
2NaOH+P2O5=2NaPO3+H2O
6NaOH+P2O5=2Na3PO3+3H2O
NaAlO2
2NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O=2Al(OH3↓+Na2CO3
3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH3↓
NaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaI
NaCl+H2SO4(浓
△
4
+HCl↑
H2SO4(浓+2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl
2NaI+Cl2=2NaCl+I2
NaBr+H3PO4(浓=NaH2PO4+HBr
NaI+H3PO4(浓=NaH2PO4+HI
Na2CO3、NaHCO3
Na2CO3+SiO2高温Na2SiO3+CO2
Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaCl
NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO2
3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl3NaHCO3+AlCl3=Al(OH3↓+3CO2↑
3NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe(OH3↓+3CO2↑
NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+CO2↑+H2O
2NaHCO3
△
Na2CO3+CO2↑+H2O
3Na2CO3+2Br2+H2O=2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2↑NaHCO3+Br2=NaBr+HBrO+CO2↑
NaNO3、NaNO2
2NaNO3
△
2NaNO2+O2↑
H2SO4(浓+NaNO3
△
NaHSO4+HNO3↑
KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O
NaNO2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2↑+2H2O
Na3PO4、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4
Na3PO4+HCl=Na2HPO4+NaCl
Na2HPO4+HCl=NaH2PO4+NaCl
NaH2PO4+HCl=H3PO4+NaCl
高中化学方程式总结,第1页,共25页
高中化学方程式总结,第2页,共25页
Na2S、NaHSNa2S+Cl2=2NaCl+S↓
3Na2S+8HNO3(稀=6NaNO3+2NO+3S↓+4H2O3Na2S+Al2(SO43+6H2O=2Al(OH3↓+3H2S↑Na2SO4、Na2SO3、Na2S2O3
3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀=3Na2SO4+2NO↑+H2O2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4
Na2S2O3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2ONa2SO3+SO2+H2O=2NaHSO3
2NaHSO3△
Na2SO3+SO2↑+H2ONa2SiO3
Na2SiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3↓+2NaClC6H5ONa
C6H5ONa+CO2+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3
2.钾KK+O2
△
KO2
2K+2H2O=2KOH+H2↑K2O、K2O2K2O+H2O=2KOHK2O+CO2=K2CO32K2O2+2CO2=K2CO3+O22K2O2+2H2O=4KOH+O2KOH
2KOH+CO2=K2CO3+H2OKOH+CO2=KHCO3K2CO3
K2CO3+2HCl=2KCl+CO2↑+H2OK2CO3+CaCl2=CaCO3↓+2KCK2CO3+2AgNO3=Ag2CO3↓+2KNO3KHCO3
KHCO3+HCl=KCl+CO2↑+H2O2KHCO3△
K2CO3+CO2↑+H2OKClO3
2KClO3
△
2KCl+3O2↑
KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2OKI
2KI+Cl2=2KCl+I2KI+AgNO3=AgI↓+KNO3KAl(SO42
2KAl(SO42+6NaOH=K2SO4+3Na2SO4+2Al(OH3↓2KAl(SO42+3Ba(OH2=K2SO4+3BaSO4↓+2Al(OH3↓KAl(SO42+2Ba(OH2=KAlO2+2BaSO4↓KSCN
3KSCN+FeCl3=Fe(SCN3+3KClKH
KH+H2O=KOH+H2↑
3.锂Li
2Li+H2=2LiH
Li+O2
△
Li2O
2Li+2H2O=2LiOH+H2↑Li2O
Li2O+CO2=Li2CO3Li2O+H2O=2LiOHLiOH
2LiOH+CO2=Li2CO3↓+H2OLiOH+CO2=LiHCO3Li2CO3
Li2CO3+2HCl=2LiCl+CO2↑+H2OLiHCO3
LiHCO3+HCl=LiCl+CO2↑+H2O2LiHCO△
2CO3+CO2↑+H2O
Mg2Mg+O2
点燃
2MgO
Mg+2H2O=2Mg(OH2↓+H2↑
Mg+Cl2点燃
MgCl22Mg+CO2点燃
2MgO+CMg+S=MgSMg+Br2=MgBr2
Mg+2HCl=MgCl2+H2↑Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2↑2Mg+TiCl4(熔融=Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl(熔融=MgCl2+2RbMgO
MgO+2HCl=MgCl2+H2OMgO+H2O=Mg(OH2↓
Mg(OH2+2HCl=MgCl2+2H2OMgCO3
MgCO3+2HCl=2MgCl2+CO2↑+H2O
MgCO3+2H2O△
Mg(OH2↓+CO2↑
MgCO3△
CO2↑+MgO
Mg(HCO32
Mg(HCO32+2HCl=MgCl2+2CO2↑+2H2O
2Mg(HCO32△
Mg(OH2↓+CO2↑+H2O
MgSO4
MgSO4+Ba(OH2=Mg(OH2↓+BaSO4↓MgSO4+2NaOH=Mg(OH2↓+Na2SO4↓2.铝
Al
Al+3O2点燃2Al2O3
2Al+3S△
Al2S3
2Al+3Cl2△
3
4Al+3MnO2高温2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3高温Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3高温Al2O3+2Fe
2Al+3FeO△
Al2O3+3Fe
2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2↑2Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+3H2↑
2Al+6H2SO4(浓△
Al2(SO43+3SO2↑+6H2O
Al+4HNO3(稀=Al(NO33+NO↑+2H2O(Al、Fe在冷、浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化
2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2↑
Al2O3、Al(OH3
Al2O3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+3H2O(Al2O3是两性氧化物Al2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O
2Al(OH3△
Al2O3+3H2O
Al(OH3+3HCl=AlCl3+3H2O
2Al(OH3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+6H2O
Al(OH3+NaOH=NaAlO2+2H2O
铝盐
AlCl3+3NaOH=Al(OH3↓+3NaCl
AlCl3+3NH3·H2O=Al(OH3↓+3NH4Cl
2AlCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O=2Al(OH3↓+3CO2↑+6NaClAlCl3+3NaHCO3=Al(OH3↓+3CO2↑Al2(SO43+3Na2S+6H2O=2Al(OH3↓+3H2S↑Al4C3+12H2O=4Al(OH3↓+3CH4↑
3.铁
Fe
2Fe+3Cl2点燃2FeCl3
3Fe+2O2点燃Fe3O4
Fe+S
△
FeS
2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3
Fe+I2
△
FeI2
Fe+S
△
FeS
3Fe+4H2O(g高温Fe3O4+4H2
Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2↑
Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu
Fe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2
Fe+H2S=FeS+H2↑
2Fe+6H2SO4(浓=Fe2(SO43+3SO2↑+6H2OFe+H2SO4(稀=FeSO4+H2↑
Fe+6HNO3=Fe(NO33+3NO2↑+3H2OFe+4HNO3=Fe(NO33+NO↑+2H2O8Fe+30HNO3=8Fe(NO33+3N2O↑+15H2O10Fe+36HNO3=10Fe(NO33+3N2↑+18H2O8Fe+30HNO3=8Fe(NO33+3NH4NO3+9H2OFe+(CH3COO2Cu=Cu+(CH3COO2FeFeO
3FeO+2Al
△
Al2O3+3Fe
6FeO+O2
△
2Fe3O4
FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO33+NO2↑+2H2OFe2O3
Fe2O3+2Al高温Al2O3+2Fe
Fe2O3+3CO
△
2
Fe2O3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉Fe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2O
Fe3O4
Fe3O4+4H2
△
3Fe+4H2O
Fe3O4+8HCl(浓
△
FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe(OH2、Fe(OH3
4Fe(OH2+O2+2H2O==4Fe(OH3
高中化学方程式总结,第3页,共25页
FeCl2
2FeCl2+Cl2=2FeCl3
FeCl2+Mg=Fe+MgCl2
FeCl3
2FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl2
2FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻铜线路版2FeCl3+H2SO3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl
2FeCl3+Zn=2FeCl2+ZnCl2
2FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S↓
2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2
FeCl3+3NH3·H2O=Fe(OH3↓+3NH4Cl
2FeCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3↓+3CO2↑+6NaClFeCl3+3NaHCO3=Fe(OH3↓+3CO2↑BaCl2+H2SO4=BaSO4↓+2HCl
FeCl3+3KSCN=Fe(SCN3+3KCl
FeS
FeS+2HCl=FeCl2+H2S↑
FeS+H2SO4=FeSO4+H2S↑
4FeS2+11O2=2Fe2O2+8SO2
H2FeO4
4H2FeO4+2H2O=4Fe(OH3+3O2↑
4Na2FeO4+10H2O=4Fe(OH3+3O2↑+8NaOH2Fe(OH3+3NaClO+4NaOH=2Na2FeO4+3NaCl+5H2OFe2O3+3Na2O2=2Na2FeO4+Na2O
其它Fe化合物
Fe2(SO43+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4(较难反应
KMnO4
2KMnO4△
K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑
2KMnO4+16HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O2KMnO4+5H2O2+6HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5O2↑+8H2OMnO2
MnO2+4HCl(浓△
MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O
2.铜Cu
2Cu+O2△
2CuO
2Cu+S△
Cu2S
Cu+Cl2CuCl2
3CuO+2NH3△
2
+3H2O
CuO+2HCl=CuCl2+H2OCuO+H2SO4=CuSO4+H2OCu(OH2+2HCl=CuCl2+2H2OCu(OH2+H2SO4=CuSO4+2H2O
Cu(OH2△
CuO+H2O
CuCl2+H2S=CuS↓+2HCl
CuCl2+2NaOH=Cu(OH2↓+2NaClCuSO4+H2S=CuS↓+H2SO4
CuSO4+2NaOH=Cu(OH2↓+Na2SO4CuSO4+Ba(OH2=Cu(OH2↓+BaSO4↓
3.钙
Ca
CaO+H2O=Ca(OH2
CaO+SiO2高温CaSiO3
2Ca(OH2+2Cl2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO2+2H2O
Ca(OH2+SO3=CaSO4+H2O
CaCO3+2HNO3=Ca(NO32+H2O+CO2↑(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、SO2等还原性气体CaCO3+SiO2高温CaSiO3+CO2↑
CaF2+H2SO4(浓=CaSO4+2HF↑
Ca3(PO42+3H2SO4(浓=3CaSO4+2H3PO4
Ca3(PO42+2H2SO4(浓=2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO42
Ca3(PO42+4H3PO4=3Ca(H2PO42(重钙
CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH2+2H2↑
4.钡
Ba
Ba(OH2+CO2=BaCO3↓+H2O
Ba(OH2+2CO2(过量=Ba(HCO32
Ba(OH2+H2SO4=BaSO4↓+2H2O
3Ba(OH2+2H3PO3=Ba3(PO42↓+6H2O
BaCl2+H2SO4=BaSO4↓+2HCl
BaCl2+Na2SO4=BaSO4↓+2NaCl
BaCO3+2HCl=BaCl2+CO2↑+H2O
高中化学方程式总结,第4页,共25页
BaCO3+2HNO3=Ba(NO32+CO2↑+H2OBaO2+H2SO4(稀=BaSO4↓+H2O25.铅
Pb、PbO2
Pb+2HCl=PbCl2+H2↑
PbO2+4HCl(浓△
PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O
铅盐
Pb(NO32+H2S=PbS↓+2HNO3(CH3COO2Pb+H2S=PbS↓+CH3COOH6.锌
Zn
Zn+S△ZnS
Zn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2↑Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2↑Zn+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+H2↑Zn+2FeCl3=2FeCl2+ZnCl2ZnO
ZnO+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2OZnO+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+H2O
Zn(OH2
Zn(OH2+2HCl=ZnCl2+2H2O
Zn(OH2+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+2H2O
Zn(OH2+4NH3·H2O=Zn(NH34(OH2+4H2OZn(OH2
△
ZnO+H2O
7.铍
Be
Be+2HCl=BaCl2+H2↑
Be+2NaOH=Na2BO2+H2↑
BeCl2+2NaOH=Be(OH2↓+2H2O
Be(OH2+2HCl=BeCl2+2H2O
Be(OH2+2NaOH=Na2BO2+2H2O
8.汞
Hg
3Hg+8HNO3(稀=3Hg(NO32+2NO2↑+4H2OHg+4HNO3(浓=Hg(NO32+2NO2↑+2H2O
第二部分卤族元素、氮族元素
F2
F2+H2=2HF(阴暗处爆炸
F2+Xe(过量=XeF2
2F2(过量+Xe=XeF4(XeF4是强氧化剂,能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4–
nF2+2M=2MFn(M表示大部分金属
2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2(水是还原剂
2F2+2NaOH=2NaF+OF2+H2O
F2+2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2
F2+2NaBr=2NaF+Br2
F2+2NaI=2NaF+I2
7F2(过量+I2=2IF7
F2+Cl2(等体积=2ClF(ClF属于类卤素:
ClF+H2O==HF+HClO3F2(过量+Cl2=2ClF3(ClF3+3H2O==3HF+HClO3
F2+H2=2HF
2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2
HF
4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O
2.氯
Cl2
Cl2+H2=2HCl(光照或点燃
Cl2+2Na2NaCl
3Cl2+2P2PCl3
Cl2+PCl3PCl53Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3
Cl2+CuCuCl2
Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3
2Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2
Cl2+2KI=2KCl+I2
5Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl
Cl2+Na2S=2NaCl+S↓
Cl2+H2S=2HCl+S↓
Cl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl
Cl2+H2SO3+H2O=H2SO4+2HCl
Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO
Cl2+H2O2=2HCl+O2
Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O
2Cl2+2Ca(OH2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(热、浓=5KCl+KClO3+3H2OHCl
6HCl+2Al=2AlCl3+3H2↑
2HCl+Fe=FeCl2+H2↑
4HCl(浓+MnO2
△
MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O
高中化学方程式总结,第5页,共25页
4HCl(g+O2△
2Cl2+2H2O
16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2OHCl+NH3=NH4Cl(白烟2HCl+FeO=FeCl2+3H2O6HCl+Fe2O3=2FeCl3+3H2O
8HCl(浓+Fe3O4△
FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OHCl+Na3PO4=Na2HPO4+NaClHCl+Na2HPO4=NaH2PO4+NaClHCl+NaH2PO4=H3PO4+NaClHCl+Na2CO3=NaHCO3+NaClHCl+NaHCO3=NaCl+H2O+CO2HClO
HClO=HCl+O2↑
3.溴Br2
Br2+H2△
Br2+Fe=FeBr3Br2+2FeBr2=2FeBr3Br2+NaI=NaBr+I2Br2+HI=HBr+I2Br2+H2O=HBr+HBrO
Br2+NaOH=NaBr+NaBrO+H2OBr2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBr
Br2+H2S=S↓+2HBr
2Br2+3Na2CO3+H2O=2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2↑HBr
HBr+NaOH=NaBr+H2O2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2
4.碘I2I2+H2
2HI
I2+FeFeI2
I2+2NaOH=NaI+NaIO+H2OHI2HI
△
H2+I2
2HI+Cl2=2HCl+I2HI+NaOH=NaI+H2O
N2
N2+3H2=2NH3N2+3Mg=Mg3N2N2+3Ca=Ca3N2N2+3Ba=Ba3N2N2+6Na=2Na3NN2+6K=2K3NN2+6Rb=2Rb3NN2+2Al=2AlNN2+3H2
催化剂高温高压
2NH3
N2+O22NO
N2+3Mg
点燃
Mg3N2N2+6Na=2Na3N
NO、NO2、N2O52NO+O2=2NO2
NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2
6NO+4NH3催化剂
△5N2+6H2O
NO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2
4NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2ONO2+SO2=SO3+NO3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O=2HNO3HNO3
3HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO3
Al+4HNO3(稀=Al(NO33+NO↑+2H2O
3As2S3+28HNO3+4H2O=6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NO↑4HNO3(浓+C
△
CO2↑