高中化学方程式总结全面完整要点.docx

1、高中化学方程式总结全面完整要点高中化学方程式 第一部分 金属 1. 钠Na4Na+O2=2Na 2O2Na+O2点燃 Na 2O 2Cl 2+2Na点燃 2NaCl2Na+S=Na 2S(爆炸 2Na+2H2O =2NaOH+H22Na+H2 2NaH2Na+2NH3=2NaNH 2+H2 4Na+TiCl4(熔融 =4NaCl+Ti Na 2ONa 2O+H2O =2NaOH2Na 2O+O 2 O 2Na 2O+SO3=Na 2SO 4Na 2O+CO2=Na 2CO 3Na 2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2ONa 2O 2+2Na=2Na 2O(此反应用于制备 Na 2O2Na 2O 2

2、+2H2O =4NaOH+O2 (此反应分两步 Na 2O 2+2H2O =2NaOH+H2O 2; 2H 2O 2=2H 2O+O2。 H 2O 2的制备可利 用类似的反应 2Na 2O 2+2CO2=2Na 2CO 3+O2Na 2O 2+H2SO 4(冷、稀 =Na 2SO 4+H2O 2NaHNaH+H2O =NaOH+H2NaOH2NaOH+Si+H2O =Na 2SiO 3+2H26NaOH+3S 2Na 2S+Na2SO 3+3H2O2NaOH+2Al+2H2O =2NaAlO 2+3H22NaOH(过量 +CO2=Na 2CO 3+H2ONaOH+CO2(过量 =NaHCO 3

3、2NaOH+SiO2=Na 2SiO 3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃 2NaOH+Al2O 3=2NaAlO 2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2=NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S(足量 =NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量 =Na 2S+2H2O 3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH3 +3NaClNaOH+Al(OH3=NaAlO 2+2H2ONaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3 +H2O2NaOH+P2O 5=2NaPO 3+H2O6NaOH+P2O 5=2Na 3PO 3+3H2ONaAlO 22NaAlO 2+CO2+3H2O =2Al(

4、OH3 +Na2CO 33NaAlO 2+AlCl3+6H2O =4Al(OH3NaCl 、 NaClO 、 NaBr 、 NaINaCl+H2SO 4(浓4+HClH 2SO 4(浓 +2NaClNa 2SO 4+2HCl2NaI+Cl2=2NaCl+I2NaBr+H3PO 4(浓 =NaH 2PO 4+HBrNaI+H3PO 4(浓 =NaH 2PO 4+HINa 2CO 3、 NaHCO 3Na 2CO 3+SiO2高温 Na 2SiO 3+CO2Na 2CO 3+HCl=NaHCO 3+NaClNaHCO 3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO23Na 2CO 3+2AlCl3+3H2O

5、=2Al(OH3 +3CO2 +6NaCl 3Na 2CO 3+2FeCl3+3H2O =2Fe(OH3 +3CO2 +6NaCl 3NaHCO 3+AlCl3=Al(OH3 +3CO23NaHCO 3+FeCl3=Fe(OH3 +3CO2NaHCO 3+HCl=NaCl+CO2 +H2O2NaHCO 3Na 2CO 3+CO2 +H2O3Na 2CO 3+2Br2+H2O =2NaHCO 3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2 NaHCO 3+Br2=NaBr+HBrO+CO2NaNO 3、 NaNO 22NaNO 32NaNO 2+O2H 2SO 4(浓 +NaNO3NaHSO 4+HNO3

6、KClO 3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2 +3H2ONaNO 2+NH4Cl =NaCl+N2 +2H2ONa 3PO 4、 NaH 2PO 4、 Na 2HPO 4Na 3PO 4+HCl=Na 2HPO 4+NaClNa 2HPO 4+HCl=NaH 2PO 4+NaClNaH 2PO 4+HCl=H 3PO 4+NaCl高中化学方程式总结,第 1页,共 25页高中化学方程式总结,第 2页,共 25页Na 2S 、 NaHS Na 2S+Cl2=2NaCl+S3Na 2S+8HNO3(稀 =6NaNO 3+2NO+3S +4H2O 3Na 2S+Al2(SO4 3+6H2O =2Al(OH

7、3 +3H2S Na 2SO 4、 Na 2SO 3、 Na 2S2O 33Na 2SO 3+2HNO3(稀 =3Na 2SO 4+2NO +H2O 2Na 2SO 3+O2=2Na 2SO 4Na 2S 2O 3+H2SO 4=Na 2SO 4+S+SO2+H2O Na 2SO 3+SO2+H2O =2NaHSO 32NaHSO 3 Na 2SO 3+SO2 +H2O Na 2SiO 3Na 2SiO 3+2HCl=H 2SiO 3 +2NaCl C 6H 5ONaC 6H 5ONa+CO2+H2O =C 6H 5OH+NaHCO32. 钾 K K+O2KO 22K+2H2O =2KOH+H

8、2 K 2O 、 K 2O 2 K 2O+H2O =2KOH K 2O+CO2=K 2CO 3 2K 2O 2+2CO2=K 2CO 3+O2 2K 2O 2+2H2O =4KOH+O2 KOH2KOH+CO2=K 2CO 3+H2O KOH+CO2=KHCO 3 K 2CO 3K 2CO 3+2HCl=2KCl+CO2 +H2O K 2CO 3+CaCl2=CaCO 3 +2KC K 2CO 3+2AgNO3=Ag 2CO 3 +2KNO3 KHCO 3KHCO 3+HCl=KCl+CO2 +H2O 2KHCO 3 K 2CO 3+CO2 +H2O KClO 32KClO 32KCl+3O2

9、KClO 3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2 +3H2O KI2KI+Cl2=2KCl+I2 KI+AgNO3=AgI +KNO3 KAl(SO4 22KAl(SO4 2+6NaOH=K 2SO 4+3Na2SO 4+2Al(OH3 2KAl(SO4 2+3Ba(OH2=K 2SO 4+3BaSO4 +2Al(OH3 KAl(SO4 2+2Ba(OH2=KAlO 2+2BaSO4 KSCN3KSCN+FeCl3=Fe(SCN3+3KCl KHKH+H2O =KOH+H23. 锂 Li2 Li + H 2=2LiHLi+O2Li 2O2Li+2H2O =2LiOH+H2 Li 2OLi 2O+CO2

10、=Li 2CO 3 Li 2O+H2O =2LiOH LiOH2LiOH+CO2=Li 2CO 3 +H2O LiOH+CO2=LiHCO 3 Li 2CO 3Li 2CO 3+2HCl=2LiCl+CO2 +H2O LiHCO 3LiHCO 3+HCl=LiCl+CO2 +H2O 2LiHCO 2CO 3+CO2 +H2O Mg 2Mg+O2点燃2MgOMg+2H2O =2Mg(OH2 +H2Mg+Cl2点燃MgCl 2 2Mg+CO2点燃2MgO+C Mg+S=MgS Mg+Br2=MgBr 2Mg+2HCl=MgCl 2+H2 Mg+H2SO 4=MgSO 4+H2 2Mg+TiCl4(

11、熔融 =Ti+2MgCl2 Mg+2RbCl(熔融 =MgCl 2+2Rb MgOMgO+2HCl=MgCl 2+H2O MgO+H2O =Mg(OH2Mg(OH2+2HCl=MgCl 2+2H2O MgCO 3MgCO 3+2HCl=2MgCl 2+CO2 +H2OMgCO 3+2H2O Mg(OH2 +CO2MgCO 3 CO 2 +MgOMg(HCO3 2Mg(HCO3 2+2HCl=MgCl 2+2CO2 +2H2O2Mg(HCO3 2 Mg(OH2 +CO2 +H2OMgSO 4MgSO 4+Ba(OH2=Mg(OH2 +BaSO4 MgSO 4+2NaOH=Mg(OH2 +Na2S

12、O 4 2. 铝AlAl+3O2点燃 2Al 2O 32Al+3S Al 2S 32Al+3Cl2 34Al+3MnO2高温 2Al 2O 3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O 3高温 Al 2O 3+2Cr 2Al+Fe2O 3高温 Al 2O 3+2Fe2Al+3FeO Al 2O 3+3Fe2Al+6HCl=2AlCl 3+3H2 2Al+3H2SO 4=Al 2(SO4 3+3H22Al+6H2SO 4(浓 Al 2(SO4 3+3SO2 +6H2OAl+4HNO3(稀 =Al(NO3 3+NO +2H2O(Al、 Fe 在冷、 浓的 H 2SO 4、 HNO 3中钝化 2Al+2NaOH+2

13、H2O =2NaAlO 2+3H2Al 2O 3、 Al(OH3Al 2O 3+3H2SO 4=Al 2(SO4 3+3H2O(Al2O 3是两性氧化物 Al 2O 3+2NaOH=2NaAlO 2+H2O2Al(OH3 Al 2O 3+3H2OAl(OH3+3HCl=AlCl 3+3H2O2Al(OH3+3H2SO 4=Al 2(SO4 3+6H2OAl(OH3+NaOH=NaAlO 2+2H2O铝盐AlCl 3+3NaOH=Al(OH3 +3NaClAlCl 3+3NH3H 2O =Al(OH3 +3NH4Cl2AlCl 3+3Na2CO 3+3H2O =2Al(OH3 +3CO2 +6N

14、aCl AlCl 3+3NaHCO3=Al(OH3 +3CO2 Al 2(SO4 3+3Na2S+6H2O =2Al(OH3 +3H2S Al 4C 3+12H2O =4Al(OH3 +3CH43. 铁Fe2Fe+3Cl2点燃 2FeCl 33Fe+2O2点燃 Fe 3O 4Fe+SFeS2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr 3Fe+I2FeI 2Fe+SFeS3Fe+4H2O(g高温 Fe 3O 4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl 2+H2Fe+CuCl2=FeCl 2+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl 2+SnCl2Fe+H2S =FeS+H22Fe+6H2SO 4(浓 =Fe 2(SO4 3+3S

15、O2 +6H2O Fe+H2SO 4(稀 =FeSO 4+H2Fe+6HNO3=Fe(NO3 3+3NO2 +3H2O Fe+4HNO3=Fe(NO3 3+NO +2H2O 8Fe+30HNO3=8Fe(NO3 3+3N2O +15H2O 10Fe+36HNO3=10Fe(NO3 3+3N2 +18H2O 8Fe+30HNO3=8Fe(NO3 3+3NH4NO 3+9H2O Fe+(CH3COO 2Cu =Cu+(CH3COO 2Fe FeO3FeO+2AlAl 2O 3+3Fe6FeO+O22Fe 3O 4FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO3 3+NO2 +2H2O Fe 2O 3Fe 2O 3

16、+2Al高温 Al 2O 3+2FeFe 2O 3+3CO2Fe 2O 3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉 Fe 2O 3+6HCl=2FeCl 3+3H2OFe 3O 4Fe 3O 4+4H23Fe+4H2OFe 3O 4+8HCl(浓 FeCl 2+2FeCl3+4H2O Fe(OH2、 Fe(OH34Fe(OH2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH3高中化学方程式总结,第 3页,共 25页FeCl 22FeCl 2+Cl2=2FeCl 3FeCl 2+Mg=Fe+MgCl2FeCl 32FeCl 3+Fe=3FeCl 22FeCl 3+Cu=2FeCl 2+CuCl2(用于雕刻铜线路版

17、2FeCl 3+H2SO 3+H2O =H 2SO 4+2FeCl2+2HCl2FeCl 3+Zn=2FeCl 2+ZnCl22FeCl 3+H2S =2FeCl 2+2HCl+S2FeCl 3+2KI=2FeCl 2+2KCl+I2FeCl 3+3NH3H 2O =Fe(OH3 +3NH4Cl2FeCl 3+3Na2CO 3+3H2O =2Fe(OH3 +3CO2 +6NaCl FeCl 3+3NaHCO3=Fe(OH3 +3CO2 BaCl 2+H2SO 4=BaSO 4 +2HClFeCl 3+3KSCN=Fe(SCN3+3KClFeSFeS+2HCl=FeCl 2+H2S FeS+H2

18、SO 4=FeSO 4+H2S 4FeS 2+11O2=2Fe 2O 2+8SO2H 2FeO 44H 2FeO 4+2H2O =4Fe(OH3+3O24Na 2FeO 4+10H2O =4Fe(OH3+3O2 +8NaOH 2Fe(OH3+3NaClO+4NaOH=2Na 2FeO 4+3NaCl+5H2O Fe 2O 3+3Na2O 2=2Na 2FeO 4+Na2O其它 Fe 化合物Fe 2(SO4 3+2Ag=FeSO 4+Ag2SO 4(较难反应 KMnO 42KMnO 4 K 2MnO 4+MnO2+O22KMnO 4+16HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2 +8H2O 2K

19、MnO 4+5H2O 2+6HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5O2 +8H2O MnO 2MnO 2+4HCl(浓 MnCl 2+Cl2 +2H2O2. 铜 Cu2Cu+O2 2CuO2Cu+S Cu 2SCu+Cl2CuCl 23CuO+2NH3 2+3H2OCuO+2HCl=CuCl 2+H2O CuO+H2SO 4=CuSO 4+H2O Cu(OH2+2HCl=CuCl 2+2H2O Cu(OH2+H2SO 4=CuSO 4+2H2OCu(OH2 CuO+H2OCuCl 2+H2S =CuS +2HClCuCl 2+2NaOH=Cu(OH2 +2NaCl CuSO 4+H2S =CuS

20、+H2SO 4CuSO 4+2NaOH=Cu(OH2 +Na2SO 4 CuSO 4+Ba(OH2=Cu(OH2 +BaSO43. 钙CaCaO+H2O =Ca(OH2CaO+SiO2高温 CaSiO 32Ca(OH2+2Cl2=CaCl 2+Ca(ClO2+2H2OCa(OH2+SO3=CaSO 4+H2OCaCO 3+2HNO3=Ca(NO3 2+H2O+CO2 (用 HNO 3和 浓 H 2SO 4不能制备 H 2S 、 HI 、 HBr 、 SO 2等还原性气体 CaCO 3+SiO2高温 CaSiO 3+CO2CaF2+H2SO 4(浓 =CaSO 4+2HFCa 3(PO4 2+3

21、H2SO 4(浓 =3CaSO 4+2H3PO 4Ca 3(PO4 2+2H2SO 4(浓 =2CaSO 4+Ca(H2PO 4 2Ca 3(PO4 2+4H3PO 4=3Ca(H2PO 4 2(重钙 CaH 2+2H2O =Ca(OH2+2H24. 钡BaBa(OH2+CO2=BaCO 3 +H2OBa(OH2+2CO2(过量 =Ba(HCO3 2Ba(OH2+H2SO 4=BaSO 4 +2H2O3Ba(OH2+2H3PO 3=Ba 3(PO4 2 +6H2OBaCl 2+H2SO 4=BaSO 4 +2HClBaCl 2+Na2SO 4=BaSO 4 +2NaClBaCO 3+2HCl=

22、BaCl 2+CO2 +H2O高中化学方程式总结,第 4页,共 25页BaCO 3+2HNO3=Ba(NO3 2+CO2 +H2O BaO 2+H2SO 4(稀 =BaSO 4 +H2O 2 5. 铅Pb 、 PbO 2Pb+2HCl=PbCl 2+H2PbO 2+4HCl(浓 PbCl 2+Cl2 +2H2O铅盐Pb(NO3 2+H2S =PbS +2HNO3 (CH3COO 2Pb+H2S=PbS +CH3COOH 6. 锌ZnZn+S ZnSZn+2HCl=ZnCl 2+H2 Zn+H2SO 4=ZnSO 4+H2 Zn+2NaOH=Na 2ZnO 2+H2 Zn+2FeCl3=2FeC

23、l 2+ZnCl2 ZnOZnO+2HCl=ZnCl 2+H2O ZnO+2NaOH=Na 2ZnO 2+H2OZn(OH2Zn(OH2+2HCl=ZnCl 2+2H2OZn(OH2+2NaOH=Na 2ZnO 2+2H2OZn(OH2+4NH3H 2O =Zn(NH3 4(OH2+4H2O Zn(OH2ZnO+H2O7. 铍BeBe+2HCl=BaCl 2+H2Be+2NaOH=Na 2BO 2+H2BeCl 2+2NaOH=Be(OH2 +2H2OBe(OH2+2HCl=BeCl 2+2H2OBe(OH2+2NaOH=Na 2BO 2+2H2O8. 汞Hg3Hg+8HNO3(稀 =3Hg(

24、NO3 2+2NO2 +4H2O Hg+4HNO3(浓 =Hg(NO3 2+2NO2 +2H2O第二部分 卤族元素、氮族元素 F2F 2+H2=2HF (阴暗处爆炸 F 2+Xe(过量 =XeF22F 2(过量 +Xe=XeF4 (XeF4是强氧化剂,能将 Mn 2+氧化为 MnO4 n F2+2M=2MFn(M表示大部分金属 2 F2+2H2O=4HF+O2 (水是还原剂 2 F2+2NaOH=2NaF+OF2+H2OF 2+2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2F 2+2NaBr=2NaF+Br2F 2+2NaI=2NaF+I27 F2 (过量 +I2=2IF 7F 2+Cl2(等体积 =2ClF

25、(ClF属于类卤素:ClF+H2O=HF+HClO 3 F2 (过量 +Cl2=2ClF 3 (ClF3+3H2O=3HF+HClO3 F 2+H2=2HF2 F2+2H2O =4HF+O2HF4HF+SiO2=SiF 4+2H2O2. 氯Cl 2Cl 2+H2=2HCl(光照或点燃 Cl 2+2Na2NaCl3Cl 2+2P2PCl 3Cl 2+PCl3PCl 5 3Cl 2+2Fe2FeCl 3Cl 2+CuCuCl 2Cl 2+2FeCl2=2FeCl 32Cl 2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2Cl 2+2KI=2KCl+I25Cl 2+I2+6H2O =2HIO 3+10HClCl

26、2+Na2S =2NaCl+SCl 2+H2S =2HCl+SCl 2+SO2+2H2O =H 2SO 4+2HClCl 2+H2SO 3+H2O =H 2SO 4+2HClCl 2+H2O =HCl+HClOCl 2+H2O 2=2HCl+O2Cl 2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl 2+2Ca(OH2=CaCl 2+Ca(ClO2+2H2O 3Cl 2+6KOH(热、浓 =5KCl+KClO3+3H2O HCl6HCl+2Al=2AlCl 3+3H22HCl+Fe=FeCl 2+H24HCl(浓 +MnO2MnCl 2+Cl2+2H2O高中化学方程式总结,第 5页,共 25

27、页4HCl(g+O2 2Cl 2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O 14HCl+K2Cr 2O 7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O HCl+NH3=NH 4Cl(白烟 2HCl+FeO=FeCl 2+3H2O 6HCl+Fe2O 3=2FeCl 3+3H2O8HCl(浓 +Fe3O 4 FeCl 2+2FeCl3+4H2O HCl+Na3PO 4=Na 2HPO 4+NaCl HCl+Na2HPO 4=NaH 2PO 4+NaCl HCl+NaH2PO 4=H 3PO 4+NaCl HCl+Na2CO 3=NaHCO 3+NaCl HCl

28、+NaHCO3=NaCl+H2O+CO2 HClO HClO=HCl+O23. 溴 Br 2Br 2+H2 Br 2+Fe=FeBr 3 Br 2+2FeBr2=2FeBr 3 Br 2+NaI=NaBr+I2 Br 2+HI=HBr+I2 Br 2+H2O =HBr+HBrOBr 2+NaOH=NaBr+NaBrO+H2O Br 2+SO2+2H2O =H 2SO 4+2HBrBr 2+H2S =S +2HBr2Br 2+3Na2CO 3+H2O =2NaHCO 3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2 HBrHBr+NaOH=NaBr+H2O 2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br24. 碘 I 2

29、 I 2+H22HII 2+Fe FeI 2I 2+2NaOH=NaI+NaIO+H2O HI 2HIH 2+I22HI+Cl2=2HCl+I2 HI+NaOH=NaI+H2O N 2N 2+3H2=2NH3 N 2+3Mg= Mg3N2 N 2+3Ca= Ca3N2 N 2+3Ba= Ba3N2 N 2+6Na =2Na3N N 2+6K =2K3N N 2+6Rb =2Rb3N N 2+2Al =2AlN N 2+3H2催化剂 高温高压2NH 3N 2+O22NON 2+3Mg点燃Mg 3N 2N 2+6Na=2Na 3NNO 、 NO 2、 N 2O 5 2NO+O2=2NO 2NO+N

30、O2+2NaOH=2NaNO 2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气 中的 NO 和 NO 26NO+4NH3催化剂 5N 2+6H2ONO 2+2KI+H2O =NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉 KI 溶液鉴别 溴蒸气和 NO 24NO 2+H2S =4NO+SO3+H2O NO 2+SO2=SO 3+NO 3NO 2+H2O =2HNO 3+NO N 2O 5+H2O =2HNO 3 HNO 33HNO 3+Ag3PO 4=H 3PO 4+3AgNO3Al+4HNO3(稀 =Al(NO3 3+NO +2H2O3As 2S 3+28HNO3+4H2O =6H 3AsO 4+9H2SO 4+28NO 4HNO 3(浓 +CCO 2