新编简明英语语言学教程byzhang.docx

新编简明英语语言学教程byzhang.docx

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新编简明英语语言学教程新编简明英语语言学教程byzhang新编简明英语语言学教程新编简明英语语言学教程ANEWCONCISECOURSEONLINGUISTICSFORSTUDENTSOFENGLISHHappyNationalDayContents12Chapters/4PartsPart1Chapter1（Thegeneralintroductionaboutlinguistics,togiveanansweraboutwhatislinguisticsandwhatislanguage,andsomeoftheircharacteristics.）Part2Chapter2/3/4/5/6（Itmainlyintroducesthedifferentbranches.br:

nt分支分支oflinguisticssuchasPhoneticsfunetik语音学语音学,Phonology（fnldi音系学音系学,Morphologym:

fldi形态学形态学,Syntaxsntaks句法学句法学,simntiks语义学语义学,Pragmatics.prmtiks语语用学。

用学。

）Part3Chapter7/8/9（Thispartmainlydiscussesthedevelopmentoflanguageandtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsocietyorculture.）Part4Chapter10/11/12（Thispartisaboutthelearningoflanguage,howcouldapersongettheabilityofspeakingonelanguage,ofcourse,nomatteritisfirstlanguageorsecondlanguage,theremustbequiteastrongrelationshipwiththebrainofus.）ChapterOneIntroductionLinguistics1.Whatislinguistics（definition）?

2.Itsscopeskup范围范围andsomedistinctionsthatareimportant?

Whatislinguistics（definition）?

Thescientificstudyoflanguage.Toanswerthequestionssuchas:

Whatislanguage?

Howdoeslanguagework?

Howdoeslanguagechange?

Whatdoalllanguageshaveincommon?

Etc.Howtostudyandwhattostudy?

Bysystematicsstmatk有系统的，有规则的有系统的，有规则的investigationoflinguisticdata语言材料语言材料,withreferenceto关于关于sometheories,tofindthenature种类种类andrulesunderlying基础的基础的languagesystem.linguisticsstudieslanguagesingeneral,notanyparticularlanguage.ThescopeandsomedistinctionsoflinguisticsBranchesoflinguistics:

（page2-3）Phonetics语音学，语音学，Phonology音系学音系学,Morphology形态学形态学,Syntax句法学句法学,Semantics语义学语义学,Pragmatics语用学。

语用学。

Thestudyofalltheseaspectsoflanguageformthecore核心核心oflinguistics.Importantdistinctions:

1.Prescriptive.priskriptiv规定的规定的,指定的指定的vs.descriptivediskriptiv说说明的明的;解释的，描写的解释的，描写的2.Synchronicskrnk限于一时的限于一时的vs.diachronicdkrnk（尤（尤指语言）历时的。

常与指语言）历时的。

常与synchronic相对相对3.Speechvs.writing4.Languevs.parole.prul假释假释5.Competencevs.performance6.Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics1.Prescriptivevs.descriptiveTodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.（descriptive描述描述式式）Tolaydownrulesorstandardsforlanguageuse,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.（prescriptive规定式规定式）Example:

Youareclever!

Youcleverare.2.Synchronicvs.diachronicSynchronic（共时）（共时）:

thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.Diachronic（历时）（历时）:

thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.Inmodernlinguistics,asynchronicapproachseemstoenjoypriority.prairiti优先考虑的事，优先权优先考虑的事，优先权overadiachronicone.（synchronicdiachronic）Example：

词典和小说：

词典和小说3.Speechvs.WritingTwomajorformormediaoflinguisticcommunicationModernlinguisticsregardsspokenlanguageastheprimarymediumofhumanlanguage.So,linguistsdatacollectionmostlybasedonspeechsinceitismoreauthentic.4.Languevs.paroleF.deSaussure,Swisslinguist,early20thcentury，asociologicalsuildikl社会学上的社会学上的view.Languel:

语言语言:

theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parole:

therealizationoflangueinactualuse.5.Competencevs.performanceN.Chomsky,U.S.,late1950s,apsychologicalview.Competence:

theidealusersknowledgeofrulesofhislanguage.Performance:

theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.AccordingtoChomsky,aspeakerhasinternalized使内在化使内在化asetofrulesabouthislanguage,thisenableshimtoproduceandunderstandanypracticaluseoflanguage,butthespeakermaynotgiveaconcrete确定的确定的descriptionabouttheserules,andthisisthetaskofthelinguists,thatistodiscoverandspecifytheserules.二者基本一致，只是角度不同。

二者基本一致，只是角度不同。

6.TraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguisticsTraditionalgrammarmeanstheapproachthattraditionallyformedtostudylanguageinthelonghistory.Bycomparison,themodernlinguisticsplacesmoreemphasison强调强调descriptive,spokenlanguage,andnopre-settledform.Page6-7,check.LanguageDefinition:

languageisasystemofarbitraryvocal.vukl口头的口头的symbolsusedforhumancommunication.1.asystem（combinedaccordingtorules）2.arbitrary:

bt（r）ri随意的，主观的随意的，主观的（symbolandmeaning）3.vocal（writingsystemismuchlater）human-specific,differentfrombirdsongs,beedancesDesignfeatures（本质特征）（本质特征）Designfeatures（byCharlesHockett,U.S.）:

1.arbitrariness（任意性）（任意性）2.productivity（创造性）（创造性）3.duality（二重性）（二重性）4.displacement（移位性）（移位性）5.culturaltransmission（文化传递性）（文化传递性）1.Arbitrariness（任意性）任意性）Nologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”Therearestillasmallpercentageofwordsthatarenon-arbitrary.（onomatopoeicn（）matpi:

拟声的拟声的wordssuchasgrunt呼噜声呼噜声,rumble隆隆声隆隆声,crash,bang爆炸声爆炸声,pingpang突然的剧痛突然的剧痛,etc.）So,languagehasanunlimitedsourceofexpressionsbyitsnatureofarbitrariness.2.Productivity（创造性）（创造性）Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Productiveorcreative,itispossibleforlanguageuserstoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore（andtosendnewmessages）.Muchofwhatwesayandhearwearesayingandhearingforthefirsttime.Haveyoueverfoundsomenewexpressionscreatedbyanimals?

3.Duality（二重性）（二重性）Languageisasystemoftwolevels:

Thelowerone,sounds.Thehigherone,differentexpressionsdifferentmeaning.Example:

/k/,/a:

/,/p/canbegroupedascarpandpark,tosignifydifferentthings.Noanimalcommunicationsystemhasdualityorevencomesneartopossessingit.4.Displacement（移位性）（移位性）Torefertothingsthatarepresentornotpresent.（ghost,France,panda,黄黄帝帝,theSecondWorldWar,orwhatever.）Animalscanjustgiveresponsetoimmediatechangesofsituation.Example:

Youcantalkwithyourfriendaboutthefutureofyourlife,canyouimaginethatadogcanexpressitsplanabouttomorrow?

5.Culturaltransmission（文化传递性）（文化传递性）Ageneticbasisforlanguage,wewerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,butthedetailsofonelanguageshouldbetaughtandlearned.Languageispassedonthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted,theyareborntoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies.Questions1.CanyouthinkofsomewordsinEnglishwhichareonomatopoeic?

（onomatopoeia）2.Whichbranchoflinguisticsdoyoulikemost,andwhy?

3.DoyouthinkChineseisbetterthanEnglish,ordoyouthinkEnglishisbetterthanFrench?

Why?

Doyouagreewiththeviewthatnolanguageisespeciallysimple?

ChapterTwoPhonology2.1ThephonicmediumoflanguageLanguageconsistsofsounds,butnotallthesoundscanserveasthespeechsounds,so,onlyalimitedrangeofsoundsareusedinhumancommunication.Thesesoundsarethephonicmediumoflanguage,theyaretheSpeechsounds.2.2PhoneticsThereisabranchoflinguisticswhichconcernsthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,Phonetics,itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworldslanguages.2.2.1Branchesofphonetics1.articulatory（发音发音）phonetics2.auditory（听觉听觉）phonetics3.acoustic（声学声学）phonetics2.2.2OrgansofspeechThearticulatoryapparatus:

1.thepharyngealcavity（thethroat）2.theoralcavity（themouth）3.thenasalcavity（thenose）Thepharyngealcavity（thethroat）Airrunsfromlungsthroughwindpipestolarynx（喉喉）,itcomestotheglottis（声门声门）,here,itismodifiedbyvocalcordsforthefirsttime.vocalcords（声带）（声带）:

twothintissues,theycanholdthebreath,andtheycanlettheairflownormally.Whentheyvibratewiththeairstream,itresultsinthechangeofspeechsounds.Voicing:

thesoundswithvibrationcalledvoicing（浊）（浊）Voiceless:

thesoundswithnovibrationcalledvoiceless（清）（清）Example:

/p/b/,/t/d/,etc.TheoralcavityThespeechorgansinthiscavity:

Tongue,uvula,softpalate（velum）,hardpalate,teethridge（alveolus）,teethandlips.Thegreatestsourceofmodificationoftheairstream.ThenasalcavityWhentheairpassesthroughthenose,itisnasalized.ThereareonlythreenasalconsonantsinEnglish:

/m/n/2.2.3TranscriptionOrthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds,itistousealettertorepresentaspeechsound.ThustheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet（IPAforshort）cameintobeing.BroadTranscription:

withletter-symbolsonlyNarrowTranscription:

letter-symbolstogetherwithdiacritics（变音符变音符号号）。

Diacriticscanmakethetranscriptionmoreprecise.Example:

leaf/l/（clear）,feel/（dark）2.2.4ClassificationofEnglishSpeechSoundsVowelandconsonantInproducingavowel,theairstreamcomingfromthelungsmeetsnoobstruction./i:

/a:

/e/etc.Onthecontrary,inproducingaconsonant,theairstreammaybeobstructedatsomeplace,hereorthere./m/s/p/etc.ConsonantsEnglishconsonantsareclassifiedintwoways（twocriteria）:

stop（塞音塞音,plosive爆破音爆破音）,fricative（擦音擦音）,affricate（塞擦音塞擦音）,liquid（流音流音）,nasal（鼻音鼻音）,glide（半元音）半元音）intermsofmannerofarticulationbilabial（双唇音双唇音）,labiodental（唇齿音唇齿音）,dental（齿音齿音）,alveolar（齿龈音齿龈音）,palatal（腭音腭音）,velar（软腭音软腭音）,glottal（声门音）声门音）intermsofplaceofarticulationstop（塞音塞音,plosive爆破音爆破音）,pbtdkgfricative（擦音擦音）,fvszhaffricate（塞擦音塞擦音）,tdliquid（流音流音,retroflex,卷舌音卷舌音）,rlnasal（鼻音鼻音）,mnglide（半元音）半元音）wjvowelsThreecriteria:

1.accordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighest:

front,central,back2.theopennessofthemouth:

closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowels,openvowels.3.theshapeofthelips:

roundedvowels,unroundedvowels.Someothercriteria:

thelengthand（monophthongsanddiphthongs）2.3Phonology2.3.1phonology&phonetics2.3.2phone,phoneme,allophone2.3.3phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,minimalpair2.3.4rulesinphonology（sequentialrules,assimilationrule,deletionrule）2.3.5stress,tone,intonation（suprasegmentalfeatures）2.3.1phonology&phoneticsSimilarity:

treatspeechsoundsastargetDifference:

approachandfocusWeh