新编简明英语语言学教程byzhang.docx

1、新编简明英语语言学教程新编简明英语语言学教程 byzhang 新编简明英语语言学教程新编简明英语语言学教程 A NEW CONCISE COURSE ON LINGUISTICS FOR STUDENTS OF ENGLISH Happy National Day Contents 12 Chapters/4 Parts Part 1 Chapter 1(The general introduction about linguistics,to give an answer about what is linguistics and what is language,and some of t

2、heir characteristics.)Part 2 Chapter 2/3/4/5/6(It mainly introduces the different branches.br:nt分支分支 of linguistics such as Phoneticsfunetik语音学语音学,Phonology（fnldi音系学音系学,Morphologym:fldi形态学形态学,Syntaxsntaks句法学句法学,simntiks语义学语义学,Pragmatics.prmtiks语语用学。用学。)Part 3 Chapter 7/8/9（This part mainly discusses

3、 the development of language and the relationship between language and society or culture.）Part 4 Chapter 10/11/12(This part is about the learning of language,how could a person get the ability of speaking one language,of course,no matter it is first language or second language,there must be quite a

4、 strong relationship with the brain of us.)Chapter One Introduction Linguistics 1.What is linguistics(definition)?2.Its scope skup范围范围 and some distinctions that are important?What is linguistics(definition)?The scientific study of language.To answer the questions such as:What is language?How does l

5、anguage work?How does language change?What do all languages have in common?Etc.How to study and what to study?By systematic sstmatk有系统的，有规则的有系统的，有规则的 investigation of linguistic data 语言材料语言材料,with reference to 关于关于 some theories,to find the nature 种类种类 and rules underlying 基础的基础的 language system.lin

6、guistics studies languages in general,not any particular language.The scope and some distinctions of linguistics Branches of linguistics:(page 2-3)Phonetics 语音学，语音学，Phonology 音系学音系学,Morphology 形态学形态学,Syntax 句法学句法学,Semantics 语义学语义学,Pragmatics 语用学。语用学。The study of all these aspects of language form th

7、e core 核心核心 of linguistics.Important distinctions:1.Prescriptive.priskriptiv 规定的规定的,指定的指定的 vs.descriptive diskriptiv 说说明的明的;解释的，描写的解释的，描写的 2.Synchronic skrnk 限于一时的限于一时的 vs.diachronic dkrnk（尤（尤指语言）历时的。常与指语言）历时的。常与 synchronic 相对相对 3.Speech vs.writing 4.Langue vs.parole.prul假释假释 5.Competence vs.perform

8、ance 6.Traditional grammar and modern linguistics 1.Prescriptive vs.descriptive To describe and analyze the language people actually use.(descriptive 描述描述式式)To lay down rules or standards for language use,to tell people what they should say and what should not say.(prescriptive 规定式规定式)Example:You ar

9、e clever!You clever are.2.Synchronic vs.diachronic Synchronic（共时）（共时）:the description of a language at some point of time in history.Diachronic（历时）（历时）:the description of a language as it changes through time.In modern linguistics,a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority.prairiti 优先考虑的事，优先权优先考虑

10、的事，优先权 over a diachronic one.(synchronic diachronic)Example：词典和小说：词典和小说 3.Speech vs.Writing Two major form or media of linguistic communication Modern linguistics regards spoken language as the primary medium of human language.So,linguists data collection mostly based on speech since it is more auth

11、entic.4.Langue vs.parole F.de Saussure,Swiss linguist,early 20th century，a sociological suildikl 社会学上的社会学上的 view.Languel:语言语言:the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.Parole:the realization of langue in actual use.5.Competence vs.performance N.Chomsky,U.S.,late

12、1950s,a psychological view.Competence:the ideal users knowledge of rules of his language.Performance:the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.According to Chomsky,a speaker has internalized 使内在化使内在化 a set of rules about his language,this enables him to produce and underst

13、and any practical use of language,but the speaker may not give a concrete 确定的确定的description about these rules,and this is the task of the linguists,that is to discover and specify these rules.二者基本一致，只是角度不同。二者基本一致，只是角度不同。6.Traditional grammar and modern linguistics Traditional grammar means the appro

14、ach that traditionally formed to study language in the long history.By comparison,the modern linguistics places more emphasis on 强调强调descriptive,spoken language,and no pre-settled form.Page 6-7,check.Language Definition:language is a system of arbitrary vocal.vukl口头的口头的 symbols used for human commun

15、ication.1.a system(combined according to rules)2.arbitrary:bt(r)ri随意的，主观的随意的，主观的(symbol and meaning)3.vocal(writing system is much later)human-specific,different from bird songs,bee dances Design features（本质特征）（本质特征）Design features(by Charles Hockett,U.S.):1.arbitrariness（任意性）（任意性）2.productivity（创造性

16、）（创造性）3.duality（二重性）（二重性）4.displacement（移位性）（移位性）5.cultural transmission（文化传递性）（文化传递性）1.Arbitrariness（任意性）任意性）No logical connection between meanings and sounds.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”There are still a small percentage of words that are non-arbitrary.(onomatopoeic n()matpi:拟声的

17、拟声的 words such as grunt 呼噜声呼噜声,rumble 隆隆声隆隆声,crash,bang 爆炸声爆炸声,ping pang 突然的剧痛突然的剧痛,etc.)So,language has an unlimited source of expressions by its nature of arbitrariness.2.Productivity（创造性）（创造性）Productivity is unique to human language.Productive or creative,it is possible for language users to prod

18、uce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences,including sentences they have never heard before(and to send new messages).Much of what we say and hear we are saying and hearing for the first time.Have you ever found some new expressions created by animals?3.Duality（二重性）（二重性）Language is a

19、 system of two levels:The lower one,sounds.The higher one,different expressions different meaning.Example:/k/,/a:/,/p/can be grouped as carp and park,to signify different things.No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.4.Displacement（移位性）（移位性）To refer to things

20、that are present or not present.(ghost,France,panda,黄黄帝帝,the Second World War,or whatever.)Animals can just give response to immediate changes of situation.Example:You can talk with your friend about the future of your life,can you imagine that a dog can express its plan about tomorrow?5.Cultural tr

21、ansmission（文化传递性）（文化传递性）A genetic basis for language,we were born with the ability to acquire language,but the details of one language should be taught and learned.Language is passed on through teaching and learning,rather than by instinct.Animal call systems are genetically transmitted,they are bor

22、n to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.Questions 1.Can you think of some words in English which are onomatopoeic?(onomatopoeia)2.Which branch of linguistics do you like most,and why?3.Do you think Chinese is better than English,or do you think English is better than French?Why?Do yo

23、u agree with the view that no language is especially simple?Chapter Two Phonology 2.1 The phonic medium of language Language consists of sounds,but not all the sounds can serve as the speech sounds,so,only a limited range of sounds are used in human communication.These sounds are the phonic medium o

24、f language,they are the Speech sounds.2.2 Phonetics There is a branch of linguistics which concerns the study of the phonic medium of language,Phonetics,it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.2.2.1 Branches of phonetics 1.articulatory(发音发音)phonetics 2.auditory(听觉听觉)ph

25、onetics 3.acoustic(声学声学)phonetics 2.2.2 Organs of speech The articulatory apparatus:1.the pharyngeal cavity(the throat)2.the oral cavity(the mouth)3.the nasal cavity(the nose)The pharyngeal cavity(the throat)Air runs from lungs through windpipes to larynx(喉喉),it comes to the glottis(声门声门),here,it is

26、 modified by vocal cords for the first time.vocal cords（声带）（声带）:two thin tissues,they can hold the breath,and they can let the air flow normally.When they vibrate with the air stream,it results in the change of speech sounds.Voicing:the sounds with vibration called voicing（浊）（浊）Voiceless:the sounds

27、with no vibration called voiceless（清）（清）Example:/p/b/,/t/d/,etc.The oral cavity The speech organs in this cavity:Tongue,uvula,soft palate(velum),hard palate,teeth ridge(alveolus),teeth and lips.The greatest source of modification of the air stream.The nasal cavity When the air passes through the nos

28、e,it is nasalized.There are only three nasal consonants in English:/m/n/2.2.3 Transcription Orthographic representation of speech sounds,it is to use a letter to represent a speech sound.Thus the International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA for short)came into being.Broad Transcription:with letter-symbols on

29、ly Narrow Transcription:letter-symbols together with diacritics(变音符变音符号号)。Diacritics can make the transcription more precise.Example:leaf/l/(clear),feel/(dark)2.2.4 Classification of English Speech Sounds Vowel and consonant In producing a vowel,the air stream coming from the lungs meets no obstruct

30、ion./i:/a:/e/etc.On the contrary,in producing a consonant,the air stream may be obstructed at some place,here or there./m/s/p/etc.Consonants English consonants are classified in two ways(two criteria):stop(塞音塞音,plosive 爆破音爆破音),fricative(擦音擦音),affricate(塞擦音塞擦音),liquid(流音流音),nasal(鼻音鼻音),glide(半元音）半元音）

31、in terms of manner of articulation bilabial(双唇音双唇音),labiodental(唇齿音唇齿音),dental(齿音齿音),alveolar(齿龈音齿龈音),palatal(腭音腭音),velar(软腭音软腭音),glottal(声门音）声门音）in terms of place of articulation stop(塞音塞音,plosive 爆破音爆破音),p b t d k g fricative(擦音擦音),f v s z h affricate(塞擦音塞擦音),t d liquid(流音流音,retroflex,卷舌音卷舌音),r l

32、nasal(鼻音鼻音),m n glide(半元音）半元音）w j vowels Three criteria:1.according to which part of the tongue is held highest:front,central,back 2.the openness of the mouth:close vowels,semi-close vowels,semi-open vowels,open vowels.3.the shape of the lips:rounded vowels,unrounded vowels.Some other criteria:the l

33、ength and(monophthongs and diphthongs)2.3 Phonology 2.3.1 phonology&phonetics 2.3.2 phone,phoneme,allophone 2.3.3 phonemic contrast,complementary distribution,minimal pair 2.3.4 rules in phonology(sequential rules,assimilation rule,deletion rule)2.3.5 stress,tone,intonation(suprasegmental features)2.3.1 phonology&phonetics Similarity:treat speech sounds as target Difference:approach and focus We h