专业词汇.docx

专业词汇.docx

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专业词汇

Glossary

actinomycetesAgroupoffilamentous,funguslikebacteria.

activetransportNutrienttransportmethodthatrequirescarrierproteinsinthemembranesofthelivingcellsandtheexpenditureofenergy.

adenovirusNonenvelopedDNAvirus;meansoftransmissionishuman-to-humanviarespiratoryandocularsecretions.

aerobeAmicroorganismthatlivesandgrowsinthepresenceoffreegaseousoxygen（O2）.

aerobicrespirationRespirationinwhichthefinalelectronacceptorintheelectrontransportchainisoxygen（O2）.

agarApolysaccharidefoundinseaweedandcommonlyusedtopreparesolidculturemedia.

AIDSAcquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome.Thecomplexofsignsandsymptomscharacteristicofthelatephaseofhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus（HIV）infection.

algaePhotosynthetic,plant-likeorganismswhichgenerallylackthecomplexstructureofplants;theymaybesingle-celledormulticellular,andinhabitdiversehabitatssuchasmarineandfreshwaterenvironments,glaciers,andhotsprings.

AmestestAmethodfordetectingmutagenicandpotentiallycarcinogenicagentsbaseduponthegeneticalterationofnutritionallydefectivebacteria.

ammonificationPhaseofthenitrogencycleinwhichammoniaisreleasedfromdecomposingorganicmaterial.

anaerobeAmicroorganismthatgrowsbest,orexclusively,intheabsenceofoxygen.

anaerobicrespirationRespirationinwhichthefinalelectronacceptorintheelectrontransportchainisaninorganicmoleculecontainingsulfate,nitrate,nitrite,carbonate,etc.

antagonismRelationshipinwhichmicroorganismscompeteforsurvivalinacommonenvironmentbytakingactionsthatinhibitordestroyanotherorganism.

antibioticAchemicalsubstancefromonemicroorganismthatcaninhibitorkillanothermicrobeeveninminuteamounts.

archaeaProkaryoticsingle-celledorganismsofprimitiveoriginthathaveunusualanatomy,physiologyandgenetics,andliveinharshhabitats;whencapitalized（Archaea）thetermreferstooneofthethreedomainsoflivingorganismsasproposedbyWoese.

arthrosporeAfungalsporeformedbytheseptationandfragmentationofhyphae.

ascosporeAsporeformedwithinasaclikecell（ascus）ofAscomycotafollowingnuclearfusionandmeiosis.

ascusSpecialfungalsacinwhichhaploidsporesarecreated.

autoclaveAsterilizationchamberwhichallowstheuseofsteamunderpressuretosterilizematerials.Themostcommontemperature/pressurecombinationforanautoclaveis121℃and15psi.

autotrophAmicroorganismthatrequiresonlyinorganicnutrientsandwhosesolesourceofcarboniscarbondioxide.

bacillusBacterialcellshapethatiscylindrical（longerthanitiswide）.

back-mutationAmutationwhichcounteractsanearliermutation,resultingintherestorationoftheoriginalDNAsequence.

bacteriaCategoryofprokaryoteswithpeptidoglycanintheircellwailsandasingle,circularchromosome.Thisgroupofsmallcellsiswidelydistributedintheearth’shabitats.

Bacteria（pluralofbacterium）WhencapitalizedcanrefertooneofthethreedomainsoflivingorganismsproposedbyWoese,containingallnon-archaeaprokaryotes.

bacterialchromosomeAcircularbodyinbacteriathatcontainstheprimarygeneticmaterial.Alsocallednucleoid.

bacteriophageAvirusthatspecificallyinfectsbacteria.

bacteriumAtinyunicellularprokaryoticorganismthatusuallyreproducesbybinaryfissionandusuallyhasapeptidoglycancellwall,hasvariousshapes,andcanbefoundinvirtuallyanyenvironment.

basidiosporeAsexualsporethatarisesfromabasidium.Foundinbasidiomycotafungi.

bdellovibrioAbacteriumthatpreysoncertainotherbacteria.Itboresaholeintoaspecifichostandinsertsitselfbetweentheprotoplastandthecellwall.Thereitelongatesbeforesubdividingintoseveralcellsanddevouringthehostcell.

capsuleInbacteria,theloose,gel-likecoveringorslimemadechieflyofsimplepolysaccharides.Thislayerisprotectiveandcanbeassociatedwithvirulence.

ChemoautotrophAnorganismthatreliesuponinorganicchemicalsforitsenergyandcarbondioxideforitscarbon.Alsocalledachemolithotroph.

chemoheterotrophMicroorganismsthatderivetheirnutritionalneedsfromorganiccompounds.

chemotaxisThetendencyoforganismstomoveinresponsetoachemicalgradient（towardanattractantortoavoidadversestimuli）.

chitinApolysaccharidesimilartocelluloseinchemicalstructure.Thispolymermakesupthehornysubstanceoftheexoskeletonsofarthropodsandcertainfungi.

chromosomeThetightlycoiledbodiesincellsthataretheprimarysitesofgenes.

cloneAcolonyofcells（orgroupoforganisms）derivedfromasinglecell（orsingleorganism）byasexualreproduction.Allunitsshareidenticalcharacteristics.Alsousedasaverbtorefertotheprocessofproducingageneticallyidenticalpopulationofcellsorgenes.

colonyAmacroscopicclusterofcellsappearingonasolidmedium,eacharisingfromthemultiplicationofasinglecell.

commensalismAnunequalrelationshipinwhichonespeciesderivesbenefitwithoutharmingtheother.

conjugationInbacteria,thecontactbetweendonorandrecipientcellsassociatedwiththetransferofgeneticmaterialsuchasplasmids.Caninvolvespecial（sex）pili.Alsoaformofsexualrecombinationinciliatedprotozoans.

deathphaseEndofthecellgrowthduetolackofnutrition,depletionofenvironment,andaccumulationofwastes.Populationofcellsbeginstodie.

decompositionThebreakdownofdeadmatterandwastesintosimplecompounds,thatcanbedirectedbackintothenaturalcycleoflivingthings.

diffusionThedispersalofmolecules,ions,ormicroscopicparticlespropelleddowna

concentrationgradientbyspontaneousrandommotiontoachieveauniformdistribution.

diploidSomaticcellshavingtwicethebasicchromosomenumber.Onesetinthepairisderivedfromthefather,andtheotherfromthemother.

direct,ortotalcellcount1.Countingtotalnumbersofindividualcellsbeingviewedwithmagnification.2.Countingisolatedcoloniesoforganismsgrowingonaplateofmediaasawaytodeterminepopulationsize.

endosporeAsmall,dormant,resistantderivativeofabacterialcellthatgerminatesunderfavorablegrowthconditionsintoavegetativecell.ThebacterialgeneraBacillusandClostridiumaretypicalsporeformers.

eubacteriaTermusedfornon-archaeaprokaryotes,standsfor"truebacteria"

eucaryotiecellAcellthatdiffersfromaprokaryoticcellchieflybyhavinganuclearmembrane（awell-definednucleus）,membrane-boundedsubcellularorganelles,andmitoticcelldivision.

EukaryaOneofthethreedomains（sometimescalledsuperkingdoms）oflivingorganisms,asproposedbyWoese;containsalleukaryoticorganisms.

eutrophicationTheprocesswherebydissolvednutrientsresultingfromnaturalseasonalenrichmentorindustrialpollutionofwatercauseovergrowthofalgaeandcyanobacteriatothedetrimentoffishandotherlargeaquaticinhabitants.

fermentationTheextractionofenergythroughanaerobicdegradationofsubstratesintosimpler,reducedmetabolites.Inlargeindustrialprocesses,fermentationcanmeananyuseofmicrobialmetabolismtomanufactureorganicchemicalsorotherproducts.

fimbriaAshort,numeroussurfaceappendageonsomebacteriathatprovidesadhesionbutnotlocomotion.

flagellumAstructurethatisusedtopropeltheorganismthroughafluidenvironment.

geneAsiteonachromosomethatprovidesinformationforacertaincellfunction.AspecificsegmentofDNAthatcontainsthenecessarycodetomakeaproteinorRNAmolecule.

generationtimeTimerequiredforacompletefissioncycle－fromparentcelltotwonewdaughtercells.Alsocalleddoublingtime.

genomeThecompletesetofchromosomesandgenesinanorganism.

genotypeThegeneticmakeupofanorganism.Thegenotypeisultimatelyresponsibleforanorganism'sphenotype,orexpressedcharacteristics.

GramstainAdifferentialstainforbacteriausefulinidentificationandtaxonomy.Gram-positiveorganismsappearpurplefromcrystalviolet-mordantretention,whereasgram-negativeorganismsappearredafterlossofcrystalvioletandabsorbanceofthesafranincounterstain.

growthcurveAgraphicalrepresentationofthechangeinpopulationsizeovertime.Thisgraphhasfourperiodsknownaslagphase,exponentialorlogphase,stationaryphase,anddeathphase.

growthfactorAnorganiccompoundsuchasavitaminoraminoacidthatmustbeprovidedinthediettofacilitategrowth.Anessentialnutrient.

halophileAmicrobewhosegrowthiseitherstimulatedbysaltorrequiresahighconcentrationofsaltforgrowth.

haploidHavingasinglesetofunpairedchromosomes,suchasoccursingametesandcertainmicrobes.

hostOrganisminwhichsmallerorganismsorviruseslive,feed,andreproduce.

humanimmunodeficiencyvirus（HIV）Aretrovirusthatcausesacquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome（AIDS）.

intronThesegmentsonsplitgenesofeucaryotesthatdonotcodeforpolypeptide.Theycanhaveregulatoryfunctions.Seeexon.

invitroLiterallymeans"inglass,"signifyingaprocessorreactionoccurringinanartificialenvironment,asinatesttubeorculturemedium.

invivoLiterallymeans“inalivingbeing,”signifyingaprocessorreactionoccurringinalivingthing.

Koch’spostulatesAproceduretoestablishthespecificcauseofdisease.Inallcasesofinfection:

（1）Theagentmustbefound;

（2）inoculationsofapureculturemustreproducethesamediseaseinanimals;（3）theagentmustagainbepresentintheexperimentalanimal:

and（4）apureculturemustagainbeobtained.

lagphaseTheearlyphaseofpopulationgrowthduringwhichnosignsofgrowthoccur.

LformL-phasevariants;wall-lessformsofsomebacteriathatareinducedbydrugso