英语专业论文Scientific paper structure.docx

英语专业论文Scientific paper structure.docx

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英语专业论文Scientificpaperstructure

Scientificpaperstructure

WhyaScientificFormat?

Thescientificformatmayseemconfusingforthebeginningsciencewriterduetoitsrigidstructurewhichissodifferentfromwritinginthehumanities.Onereasonforusingthisformatisthatitisameansofefficientlycommunicatingscientificfindingstothebroadcommunityofscientistsinauniformmanner.Anotherreason,perhapsmoreimportantthanthefirst,isthatthisformatallowsthepapertobereadatseveraldifferentlevels.Forexample,manypeopleskimTitlestofindoutwhatinformationisavailableonasubject.OthersmayreadonlytitlesandAbstracts.ThosewantingtogodeepermaylookattheTablesandFiguresintheResults,andsoon.Thetakehomepointhereisthatthescientificformathelpstoinsurethatatwhateverlevelapersonreadsyourpaper（beyondtitleskimming）,theywilllikelygetthekeyresultsandconclusions.

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TheSectionsofthePaperMostjournal-stylescientificpapersaresubdividedintothefollowingsections:

Title,AuthorsandAffiliation,Abstract,Introduction,Methods,Results,Discussion,Acknowledgments,andLiteratureCited,whichparalleltheexperimentalprocess.Thisisthesystemwewilluse.Thiswebsitedescribesthestyle,content,andformatassociatedwitheachsection.

Thesectionsappearinajournalstylepaperinthefollowingprescribedorder:

Experimentalprocess

SectionofPaper

WhatdidIdoinanutshell?

Abstract

Whatistheproblem?

Introduction

HowdidIsolvetheproblem?

MaterialsandMethods

WhatdidIfindout?

Results

Whatdoesitmean?

Discussion

Whohelpedmeout?

Acknowledgments（optional）

WhoseworkdidIreferto?

LiteratureCited

ExtraInformation

Appendices（optional）

SectionHeadings:

MainSectionHeadings:

Eachmainsectionofthepaperbeginswithaheadingwhichshouldbecapitalized,centeredatthebeginningofthesection,anddoublespacedfromthelinesaboveandbelow.DonotunderlinethesectionheadingORputacolonattheend.

Exampleofamainsectionheading:

INTRODUCTION

Subheadings:

Whenyourpaperreportsonmorethanoneexperiment,usesubheadingstohelporganizethepresentation.Subheadingsshouldbecapitalized（firstletterineachword）,leftjustified,andeitherbolditalicsORunderlined.

Exampleofasubheading:

EffectsofLightIntensityontheRateofElectronTransport

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Title,Authors'Names,andInstitutionalAffiliations

1.Function:

YourpapershouldbeginwithaTitlethatsuccinctlydescribesthecontentsofthepaper.Usedescriptivewordsthatyouwouldassociatestronglywiththecontentofyourpaper:

themoleculestudied,theorganismusedorstudied,thetreatment,thelocationofafieldsite,theresponsemeasured,etc.Amajorityofreaderswillfindyourpaperviaelectronicdatabasesearchesandthosesearchengineskeyonwordsfoundinthetitle.

2.TitleFAQs

3.Format:

Thetitleshouldbecenteredatthetopofpage1（DONOTuseatitlepage-itisawasteofpaperforourpurposes）;thetitleisNOTunderlinedoritalicized.

theauthors'names（PIorprimaryauthorfirst）andinstitutionalaffiliationaredouble-spacedfromandcenteredbelowthetitle.Whenmorethentwoauthors,thenamesareseparatedbycommasexceptforthelastwhichisseparatedfromthepreviousnamebytheword"and".

Forexample:

DucksOver-WinterinColoradoBarleyFieldsinResponseto

IncreasedDailyMeanTemperatureImaMallard,UraDrake,andWoodruffDucqueDepartmentofWildlifeBiology,UniversityofColorado-Boulder

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Thetitleisnotasection,butitisnecessaryandimportant.Thetitleshouldbeshortandunambiguous,yetbeanadequatedescriptionofthework.Ageneralrule-of-thumbisthatthetitleshouldcontainthekeywordsdescribingtheworkpresented.Rememberthatthetitlebecomesthebasisformoston-linecomputersearches-ifyourtitleisinsufficient,fewpeoplewillfindorreadyourpaper.Forexample,inapaperreportingonanexperimentinvolvingdosingmicewiththesexhormoneestrogenandwatchingforacertainkindofcourtshipbehavior,apoortitlewouldbe:

MouseBehavior

Why?

Itisverygeneral,andcouldbereferringtoanyofanumberofmousebehaviors.Abettertitlewouldbe:

TheEffectsofEstrogenontheNose-TwitchCourtshipBehaviorinMice

Why?

Becausethekeywordsidentifyaspecificbehavior,amodifyingagent,andtheexperimentalorganism.Ifpossible,givethekeyresultofthestudyinthetitle,asseeninthefirstexample.Similarly,theabovetitlecouldberestatedas:

EstrogenStimulatesIntensityofNose-TwitchCourtshipBehaviorinMice

4.StrategyforWritingTitle.

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ABSTRACT

1.Function:

Anabstractsummarizes,inoneparagraph（usually）,themajoraspectsoftheentirepaperinthefollowingprescribedsequence:

thequestionyouinvestigated（orpurpose）,（fromIntroduction）statethepurposeveryclearlyinthefirstorsecondsentence.theexperimentaldesignandmethodsused,（fromMethods）clearlyexpressthebasicdesignofthestudy.

Nameorbrieflydescribethebasicmethodologyusedwithoutgoingintoexcessivedetail-besuretoindicatethekeytechniquesused.

themajorfindingsincludingkeyquantitativeresults,ortrends（fromResults）reportthoseresultswhichanswerthequestionsyouwereaskingidentifytrends,relativechangeordifferences,etc.abriefsummaryofyourinterpetationsandconclusions.（fromDiscussion）clearlystatetheimplicationsoftheanswersyourresultsgaveyou.WhereastheTitlecanonlymakethesimpleststatementaboutthecontentofyourarticle,theAbstractallowsyoutoelaboratemoreoneachmajoraspectofthepaper.ThelengthofyourAbstractshouldbekepttoabout200-300wordsmaximum（atypicalstandardlengthforjournals.）Limityourstatementsconcerningeachsegmentofthepaper（i.e.purpose,methods,results,etc.）totwoorthreesentences,ifpossible.TheAbstracthelpsreadersdecidewhethertheywanttoreadtherestofthepaper,oritmaybetheonlyparttheycanobtainviaelectronicliteraturesearchesorinpublishedabstracts.Therefore,enoughkeyinformation（e.g.,summaryresults,observations,trends,etc.）mustbeincludedtomaketheAbstractusefultosomeonewhomaytoreferenceyourwork.

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HowdoyouknowwhenyouhaveenoughinformationinyourAbstract?

Asimplerule-of-thumbistoimaginethatyouareanotherresearcherdoinganstudysimilartotheoneyouarereporting.IfyourAbstractwastheonlypartofthepaperyoucouldaccess,wouldyoubehappywiththeinformationpresentedthere?

2.Style:

TheAbstractisONLYtext.Usetheactivevoicewhenpossible,butmuchofitmayrequirepassiveconstructions.WriteyourAbstractusingconcise,butcomplete,sentences,andgettothepointquickly.Usepasttense.Maximumlengthshouldbe200-300words,usuallyinasingleparagraph.

TheAbstractSHOULDNOTcontain:

lengthybackgroundinformation,referencestootherliterature,elliptical（i.e.,endingwith...）orincompletesentences,abbreviationsortermsthatmaybeconfusingtoreaders,anysortofillustration,figure,ortable,orreferencestothem.

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3.Strategy:

Althoughitisthefirstsectionofyourpaper,theAbstract,bydefinition,mustbewrittenlastsinceitwillsummarizethepaper.TobegincomposingyourAbstract,takewholesentencesorkeyphrasesfromeachsectionandputtheminasequencewhichsummarizesthepaper.Thensetaboutrevisingoraddingwordstomakeitallcohesiveandclear.AsyoubecomemoreproficientyouwillmostlikelycomposetheAbstractfromscratch.

4.Checkyourwork:

Onceyouhavethecompletedabstract,checktomakesurethattheinformationintheabstractcompletelyagreeswithwhatiswritteninthepaper.Confirmthatalltheinformationappearingtheabstractactuallyappearsinthebodyofthepaper.

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INTRODUCTION

[strategy|FAQs|style|structure|relevantliteraturereview|statementofpurpose|rationale]

1.Function:

ThefunctionoftheIntroductionisto:

Establishthecontextoftheworkbeingreported.Thisisaccomplishedbydiscussingtherelevantprimaryresearchliterature（withcitations）andsummarizingourcurrentunderstandingoftheproblemyouareinvestigating;

Statethepurposeoftheworkintheformofthehypothesis,question,orproblemyouinvestigated;and,

Brieflyexplainyourrationaleandapproachand,wheneverpossible,thepossibleoutcomesyourstudycanreveal.

Quiteliterally,theIntroductionmustanswerthequestions,"WhatwasIstudying?

Whywasitanimportantquestion?

WhatdidweknowaboutitbeforeIdidthisstudy?

Howwillthisstudyadvanceourknowledge?

"

2.Style:

Usetheactivevoiceasmuchaspossible.Someuseoffirstpersonisokay,butdonotoverdoit.

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3.Structure:

ThestructureoftheIntroductioncanbethoughtofasaninvertedtriangle-thebroadestpartatthetoprepresentingthemostgeneralinformationandfocusingdowntothespecificproblemyoustudied.OrganizetheinformationtopresentthemoregeneralaspectsofthetopicearlyintheIntroduction,thennarrowtowardthemorespecifictopicalinformationthatprovidescontext,finallyarrivingatyourstatementofpurposeandrationale.AgoodwaytogetontrackistosketchouttheIntroductionbackwards;startwiththespecificpurposeandthendecidewhatisthescientificcontextinwhichyouareaskingthequestionyourstudyaddresses.Oncethescientificcontextisdecided,thenyou'llhaveagoodsenseofwhatlevelandtypeofgeneralinformationwithwhichtheIntroductionshouldbegin.

HereistheinformationshouldflowinyourIntroduction:

Beginyour