考研阅读理解出题思路及十大出题点.docx
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考研阅读理解出题思路及十大出题点
(一)出题人命题思路破解
文章本无意,源自出题人。
也就是说,一篇文章包括前期的选取加工处理改造,最后设计出题,均源自出题人。
文章千奇百怪,形式千变万化,但是出题人的出题思路和考查目的却是万变不离其宗。
因此,学习阅读理解的过程其实就是破解出题人思路的过程。
换位思考尤为重要。
也就是说,假如我们自己是出题人,又会考查学生什么样的阅读能力,然后通过什么形式来考查学生?
笔者认为,阅读理解最好的训练方法是自己拿一篇文章自己出五个问题。
通过出题就一定可以理解出题人的出题用意和出题思路。
不难发现,我们会按照以下思路考查学生。
第一、文章中心思想是什么;
第2、文章作者态度是什么;
第三、某一个单词、词组或者句子本身是什么意思;
第四、作者说某句话的意思是什么;
第五、某一问题出现的原因是什么;
第六、作者列举某一例子的目的是什么或者为了说明什么问题;
第七、从某一段落或文章中能推断出什么来;
第八、下面哪个选项是正确的或是不正确的;
第九、作者的写作手法是什么;
第十、文章节选于哪里;
第十一、文章下文会继续提到什么;
第十二、作者暗示什么;
第十三、读懂前后句关系。
(二)阅读理解常考点
通过对历年来考题的有效解析,我们总结出以下十个阅读理解常考点:
1、首末端首末句
(1)文章首段首末句往往出“主旨大意题”。
因为,英语文章的开始往往会采取开门见山的形式提出文章的中心思想。
有些时候会在首段末句出现转折词but、however、yet,则转折后所要表述的内容往往是文章的中心思想,因此通常成为出题人出题点。
【真题回放2010-Text1】
OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.
Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays
[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers
[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism
[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory
(2)末端首末句,通常会对全文的说明和论证进行总结,由此也会成为考查点通常会用一些总括性的标志词如:
allinall、inshort、toconclude、inconsequence、insummary、inaword、asaresult、therefore、accordingly、thus等引导。
【真题回放2008-Text2】
①Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.②Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.③Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.④Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.⑤Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.⑥Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.
30.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext?
[A]TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.
[B]Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.
[C]Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.
[D]Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.
2、转折
一些明显的转折词包括but、however、yet(谓语句首)、though、onthecontrary;Although/While/Inspiteof/Despite---,----;等,转折词前后的意思一般来说都是相反的,而作者往往偏重转折处后面的内容。
因此,在阅读过程中看到转折词,考生最好能做上标志以方便做题时候的查找。
【真题回放2008-Text3】
Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:
Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.
35.Thetextintendstotellusthat
[A]thechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern.
[B]humanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.
[C]Americanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.
[D]thegeneticpatternofAmericanshasaltered.
3、对比和类比处
作者也经常把两个事物、两种观点进行对比,从而论证自己观点的正确性。
表示对比的一些标志性词语有incontrast、incomparison、comparedwith等。
特别需要指出的是,只要文章第一段中出现对照或对比的内容,往往将在下文中进行具体的议论,并在文章最后得出结论,这通常是出题点。
【真题回放2008-Text1】
①Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.②“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital.
21.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?
[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.
[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.
[C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.
[D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.
4、举例处
(1)举例子:
句子的作用是为了支持论证作者的观点,这些例子往往与作者的观点和结论有很大的关联,具有重大的意义,因此也成为了考试出题点。
这种题目在文章中的线索非常明显,一般都带有如下的标志性词汇:
forexample、forinstance、take…asanexample、as、suchas、like等。
举例子作用通常有三个:
第一、证明论点,论点在前;第二、引出话题或得出结论,话题和结论在后;第三、通过对比突出强调事物的某一方面。
【真题回放2011-Text3】
①Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.②Insuchacase,thecompany’sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.③ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.
34.ToyotaMotor’sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof
[A]respondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.
[B]persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts.
[C]cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers.
[D]takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.
( 2)列举:
所谓列举是指通过一些表示顺承关系的词语逐项列出一些事实或者观点,标志性的词汇包括First、Second、Third…;Firstly、Secondly、Thirdly…Finally;Firstofall,、Then、Inaddition、Further、Furthermore、Besides、Moreover…针对这一考点的题目通常考查文章细节,有时候也涉及对文章内容的推理判断。
出题形式最多的往往是“是非判断题”。
【真题回放2009-Text3】
TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.`BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchinthedecadeafter1629,TherewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.
38.TheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettsBay__________.
[A]werefamousintheNewWorldfortheirwritings
[B]gainedincreasingimportanceinreligiousaffairs
[C]abandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewWorld
[D]createdanewintellectualatmosphereinNewEngland
5、因果关系处
因果句通常是作者进行分析或者得出结论的地方。
英语句子存在前因后果和前果后因,考生一定要弄清楚谁导致谁。
出题者为了考查考生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力,经常会把含有因果关系进行颠倒,将“因变成了果、果变成了因”,考生需要注意辨别实际的因果关系,防止混淆。
表示因果关系的词语有:
(1)原因because、becauseof、so、for、since、as、resultfrom、originatefrom、derivefrom;base、basis、reason,、aboveall、afterall等。
【真题回放2007-Text2】
①ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.②Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:
theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion).③Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.④SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.⑤Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.
28.PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvosSavant’sbecause
[A]thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalprocedures.
[B]creativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednow.
[C]vosSavant’scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat.
[D]thedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged.
(2)结果:
thus,therefore,consequently,inconsequence,asaresult;leadto,attributeto,result,consequence,resultin,cause等。
【真题回放1997-Text3】
Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:
anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?
Firstofall,mostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.
61.Physicaldependenceoncertainsubstancesresultsfrom________.
[A]uncontrolledconsumptionofthemoverlongperiodsoftime
[B]exclusiveuseofthemforsocialpurposes
[C]quantitativeapplicationofthemtothetreatmentofdiseases
[D]carelessemploymentofthemforunpleasantsymptoms
(3)有时候文章中虽然没有出现表示因果关系的标志性词语,但是句与句在逻辑关系上也存在着因果关系,这个时候考生就需要自己进行仔细判断和推理。
【真题回放2001-Text2】
Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess—afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.Moreandmoregovernments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.Asaresult,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’veeverhad.
56.GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit________.
[A]offerseconomicpotentials
[B]canbringforeignfunds
[C]cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty
[D]connectspeopleallovertheworld
6、类比比