Linguistics语言学归纳.docx
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Linguistics语言学归纳
Linguistics
I.Thescopeoflinguistics:
（abranchoflinguisticsthat….）
phonetics（语音学）:
thestudyoflinguisticspeechsounds,howtheyareproduced,howtheyareperceived,andtheirphysicalproperties.（studyofthephonicmediumofIanguage）
phonology:
（音位学）thestudyofhowspeechsoundsinaIanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticscommunication.
morphology:
（形态学）thestudyofthewordstructureandwordformation.
syntax:
（句法学）isthebranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.
semantics:
（语义学）thestudyoflinguisticmeaning.
pragmatics:
（语用学）abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesthecontextoflanguageusetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.
Somedistinctionsinlinguistics:
1）Prescriptive&descriptive
Prescriptive:
aimstodescribeandanalyzetheIanguagepeopleactuallyuseDescriptive:
aimstolaydownrulesforcorrect&standard”behaviorinusingIanguage.（doctor）
2）Synchronic&diachronic共时的&历时的
Synchronic:
thedescriptionofaIanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.
Diachronic:
thedescriptionofaIanguageasitchangesthroughtime.
3）Langue&parole语言&言语
Langue:
referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.
Parole:
referstotherealizationofIanguageinactualuse.
4）Competenee&performanee语言能力&语言运用
Competenee:
theidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhisIanguage
Performanee:
theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
DesignfeaturesofIanguage:
1）arbitrariness:
（任意性）meansthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.
2）Productivity:
itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnew
signalsbyitsusers.
3）Duality:
（双重性）dualityofstructureordoublearticulationofIanguageenablesuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.
4）Displacement:
Ianguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.不受时空限制
5）Culturaltransmission文化传播（eg:
狼孩）
2.FunctionsofIanguage:
1）Descriptivefunction:
itisthefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenied,andinsomecasesevenverified.
2）Expressivefunction:
suppliesinformationabouttheuser'feelings,preferences,prejudicesandvalues.
3）Socialfunction:
servestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetween
people.
英世舘音分类
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AiSlW
Dental
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Palate!
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Stops爆破音
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Phone:
（音素）isaphoneticunitorsegment.
Phoneme:
（音位）isaphonologicalunit.Itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.
3.Morphemes词素一theminimalunitsofmeaning
ThesmallestunitofIanguagethatcarriesinformationaboutmeaningorfunction
Freemorpheme:
amorphemewhichcanbeawordbyitself.
Boundmorphemeamorphememustbeattachedtoanotherone.
Derivationalmorphemes:
（彳衍生词素）themorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofwords.Theyareconjoinedtoothermorphemes/words,newwordsarederivedorformed.（-en,-ate,-ic,-ous,-ly,-tion，-sive,-er）标出
Inflectionalmorphemes:
（曲折词素）theyareattachedtowordsormorphemes,buttheyneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory.（-s,-er,-est,-ed,-ing）O标出
4.Category:
referstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularIanguagesuchasasentence,anounphaseoraverb.Non-traditionalcategories:
determiner（Det）限定词，degree（Deg）,qualifier（Qua）Phraseelements:
specifiers,complements（XPRule）,modifiers.
Deepstructure:
formedbytheXPruleinaccordaneewiththehead'ssubcategorizationproperties.没变形陈述句
Surfacestructure
5.Lexicalmeaning:
Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,thecollectonofallitsfeatures;itisabstractandde-contextualized.
Eg:
dog-generalmeaningofdog,features
Referenee:
meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.
Eg；Oneparticular/certaindogexistentinthesituation,knowntoeachother
6.
Context:
itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.（JohnFirth）
Speechacttheory:
（JohnAustin）
Locutionaryact:
（言内行为）istheactofutteringwords,phrasesandclauses.
Illocutionaryact:
（言外之意）istheactofexpressingthespeakersintention;itistheactofperformedinsayingsomething.
Perlocutionaryact:
（言后行为）istheactofperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequeneeof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutteranee.
Cooperativeprinciple-CP（PaulGrice）
Themaximofquantity:
Saynolessthantheconversationrequires.
Saynomorethantheconversationrequires.
Themaximofquality:
Don'tsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.
Don'tsaythingsforwhichyoulackevidenee.
Themaximofmanner:
Don'tbeobscure.Don'tbeambiguous.
Bebrief.Beorderly.
ThemaximofrelevaneeBerelevant.
7.Languagechange
Additionofnewwords:
1）Coinage:
创新词
Spywaredigitalcameracybercitizenmousepotato
2）Clippedwords:
缩略词
Lab-laboratorygym-gymnasiumfridge-refrigeratorburger-hamburger
3）Blending:
紧缩法
Smog-smoke+fogbrunch-breakfast+lunchcamcorder-camera+recorder
4）Acronyms:
首字母缩略词
CEO-chiefexecutiveofficerIT-informationtechnology
EUVIPB2BCPI
5）Back-formation:
逆构词法
Toedit/beg/baby-sit/donate/orient/hawk/aviate/appreciate
6）Functionshift
adj.-v.tocool/narrow/dim/slow
7）Borrowing
Bonustragedyskirteducationcycleprinceguitarbalcony
Balloonoperapumpteatofukowtowsampanzero
Kungfumahjongspaghettibizarregarage
8）Derivation派生词
Fixablerefusalexcitingimpressivedislikerestate
anti-pollution
unfair
realize
happiness
9）Compounds复合词
Bittersweet
rainbow
spoonfeed
sleepwalkinbornoff-license
Undertake
without
Iandlady
handoverwhitewash
8.Register语域
Fieldofdiscourse话语范围:
referstowhatisgoingon:
ontheareaofoperationoftheIanguageactivity.
Tenorofdiscourse话语基调:
referstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion:
whotheparticipantsinthecommunicationgroupsareandwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother.
Modeofdiscourse话语方式:
referstothemeansofcommunication.Itisconcernedwithhow”communicationiscarriedout.
9.Sapir-whorfhypothesis（SWH）萨丕尔•沃尔夫假说
Languagefilterspeople'perceptionangthewaytheycategorizetheirexperiences.
10.LanguageAcquisition
TheoriesofchildIanguageacquisition:
1）Thebehaviorist
Imitationandpracticearepreliminary,anddiscriminationandgeneralizationarecrucialtoIanguagedevelopment.（habit-forming）
ButitfailstoexplainhowchildrenacquiremorecomplexgrammaticalstructuresoftheIanguage.
2）Theinnatist
LanguageAcquisitiondevice（LAD）Chomsky
Itproposedthathumanbeingsarebornwithaninnateability.
Itsaidthatthetheblackbox”containprinciplesthatareuniversaltoallhumanIanguage.
UniversalGrammar（UG）
3）Theinteractionist
ItholdsthatIanguagedevelopsasaresultofthecomplexinterplaybetweenthehumancharacteristicsofthechildandtheenvironmentinwhichhegrows.motheresechilddirectedspeech（CDS）caretakertalk
CriticalPeriodHypothesis（CPH）EricLenneberg
LADworkssuccessfullyonlywhenitisstimulatedattherighttime—aspecificandlimitedtimeperiodforIanguageacquisition.
Twoversions
StrongonesuggeststhatchildrenmustacquiretheirfirstIanguagebypubertyortheywillneverbeabletolearnfromsubsequentexposure.
TheweakholdsthatIanguagelearningwillbemoredifficultandincompleteafterpuberty.
11.SecondLanguageAcquisition
Positivetransfer正迁移facilitate
Negativetransfer负迁移interfereorhinder
Interlanguage中介语
ItwasestablishedaslearnersindependentsystemofthesecondIanguage,whichisofneitherthenativeIanguagenorthesecondIanguage,butacontinuumorapproximationfromoneextremeofhisnativeIanguagetotheotherofthesecondIanguage.
Fossilization石化现象
ItisaprocessoccurringfromtimetotimeinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesaIanguage.
Acquisition习得
Itisasubconsciousprocesswithoutminutelearningofgrammaticalrules.
Learning学习
ItreferstoconsciouseffortstolearnthesecondIanguageknowledgebylearningtherulesandtalkingabouttherules.
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