简明语言学教程8.docx

简明语言学教程8.docx

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简明语言学教程8

简明语言学教程8

Chapter9LanguageandCulture1.Whatisculture?

Culture

2.relationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureDiscoursecommunity3.Sapir-WhorfhypothesisLinguisticrelativity

Strongversion---weakversion

4.LinguisticevidenceofculturaldifferencesP123-128

5.CulturalteachingandlearningAccultuation

6.culturaloverlapanddiffusion7.Intercultualcommunication

Chapter10LanguageAcquisition1.definition

Languageacquisition―thechild’sdevelopmentofhismothertongue2.threetheoriesoflanguageacquisition1）Behavioristview

Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement2）InnatistviewALD

3）InteractionistviewMotherese/caretakertalk3.CognitivefactorsTwoways

4.languageenvironmentandthecriticalperiodhypothesisCriticalperiodTwoversions

5.StagesinchildlanguagedevelopmentT/F

1.Ingeneral,languageacquisitionreferstochildren’sdevelopmentoftheirnativelanguageofthecommunityinwhichtheyhavebeenbroughtup.

2.Acertainamountofconciousinstructiononthepartofparentsmayhavenoeffectonthelanguageofachild.

3.Somelanguagesaremorechallengingtoacquireasanativelanguage.

4.Aparticularaspectofalanguagemayappeartobemoredifficulttoacquirethanan

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equivalentpartofanotherlanguage.

5.Manyutterancetypesproducedbychildrendonotcloselyresemblestructuresfoundinadultspeech.

6.Thereisathree-wordsentencestageinthefirstlanguageacquisition.

7.Utterancesatthemultiwordstageareoftenreferredtoastelegraphicspeech.8.Imitationandovertteachigplayamajorroleinthechild’smateryoflanguage.

9.Speakersofdifferentlanguagesarecapableofdistinguishingandrecognizingexperiencesofthesameobjectiveworldaccordingtotheirrespectivedifferentlinguistccodingsystem.

10.Ifachildisdeprivedoflinguisticenvironment,heorsheisunlikelytolearnalanguagesuccessfullylateron.

11.Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,i.e.weareallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguageandthedetailsofalangaugesystemaregeneticallytransmitted.

12.Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildren’sgrammarmodelsexactlyafterthegrammarofadultlanguage.

13.Instructionandcorrectionarekeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.

14.AchildborntoaChineseorEnglishspeakingfamilytakesaboutthesamenumberofyearstoacquiretheirnativetongue,regardlessoftheirgeneralintelligence.

15.Aninnatistviewoflanguageacquisitionholdsthathumanbeingsarebiologicallyprogrammedforlanguage.

16.Achildwhoentersaforeignlanguagespeechcommunitybytheageofthreeorfourcanlearnthenewlanguagewithoutthetraceofanaccent.

17.Whenachildacquireshismothertongue,healsoacquiresalangue-specificcultureandbecomessocializedincertainways.

1Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthebehavioristviewofchildlanguageacquisition?

A.Languageacquisitionisaprocessofhabitformation.

B.Languageacquisitionisthespecies-specificpropertyofhumanbeings.C.Childrenarebornwithaninnateabilitytoacquirelanguage.

D.Humansareequippedwiththeneuralprerequisitesforlanguageandlanguageuse.

2.Whichstagedoesthechildbelongtoaccordingtothestageoffirstlanguageacquisitionwhenweheardhissayinglike“Babychair”,”Mummysock”etc.A.babblingstageB.one-wordstageC.two-wordstageD.multi-wordstage

3.Languageacquisitionisprimarilytheacquisitionofthe____systemoflanguage.A.phonologicalB.semanticC.grammaticalD.communicative

4.Ingeneral,the__________stagebeginsroughlyinthesecondhalfofthe

child’ssecondyear.

A）babblingB）one-word

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C）two-wordD）multiword

5.Basicallyallthefollowingcategoriesexcept______arealwaysmissinginthechildren’stelegraphicspeechstage.

Athecopulaverb“be”B.inflectionalmorphemesC.functionwordsD.contentwords

6.Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildrenusually______grammaticalrulesfromthelinguisticinformationtheyhear.

A）useB）acceptC）generalizeD）reconstruct

7..Whcihofthefollowingbeststatesthebehavioristviewofchildlanguageacquisition?

_______.A.Languageacquisitionisaprocessofhabitformation

B.Languageacquisitionisthespecies-specificpropertyofhumanbeingsC.Childrenarebornwithaninnateabilitytoacquirelanguage

D.Humansareequippedwiththeneuralprerequisitesforlanguageandlanguageuse8.Attheageoffour,children_____.

A.canmastertheessentialsoftheirmothertongueB.canonlybabbleseveralsounds

C..cannamethethingsaroundthemonly

D.canwriteoutallthegrammaticalrulesoftheirmothertongue.

9.Achildwhoknowsthegeneralpluralformmayapplytheruletoirregularnounsandproduce“foots”.Thisiscalled______.

A.assimilationB.transfer

C.overgeneralizationD.underextension

10.ItisestimatedthatthenumberofbasicwordsknownbyEnglish-speakingschoolchildrenofagesixisaround______.

A.7800B.6800C.5800D.4800

11.Linguisticdeterminationandlinguisticrelativityarealsoknownas____.A）linguisticuniversalsB）functionalismB）Sapir-WhorfHypothesisD）structuralism

12.SomeSouthernlearnersofEnglishinChinatendtosay“night”as“light”.Thisshows:

.（）A.Theycannotpronounce/n/

B.Interlangueinterferencebecausethereisnotthesound/n/intheirmothertongueC.TheteachersdonothaveagoodteachingmethodD.Theydonotliketopronouncenasalsounds

13.______holdsthathumanbeingsarebiologicallyprogrammedforlanguageandthatthelanguagedevelopsinthechildjustasotherbiologicalfunctionsuchaswalking.A.ThebehavioristviewB.TheinnatistviewC.TheinteractionistviewD.Thecognitivetheory

14.WhichofthefollowinghypothesisisputforwardbyBricLenneberg?

A.CriticalPeriodHypothesisB.InputHypothesis

C.LanguageAcquisitionDeviceHypothesisD.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis

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1.Thestudyofhumanlanguagesasawholeisg_______linguistics,whilethestudyofaparticularlanguageiscalledp_________linguistics.

2.Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisp______ifittriestolaydownrulesfor\

3.ThereasonwhyanEnglishspeakerandaChinesespeakerarenotmutuallyintelligibleisbecauselanguageisculturallyt____________.

4.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”.Thissentencemeansthatlanguagehasthefeatureofa_________.

5.InF.deSaussure'sdichotomy,languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;p______isitsrealizationinactualuse.

6.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobed______.

7.Languageexistsintimeandchangesthroughtime.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeiscalledas______studyoflanguage.

8.Anylanguageiscomposedofthreemainelements:

speechsounds,grammaticalstructure,andm____.

9.Articulatoryphoneticsdescribeshows__________soundsaremadeandprovidesaframework.

10.Ifaparticularlanguagehasforty-eightmeaningfulsounds,itissaidtohaveforty-eightp__________.

11.Comsonantsoundscanbeeithervoicedorvoiceless.Forexample,thesound\v______andthesound\

12.Ifthebackofthetongueisatthehighestpointnearthesoftpalate,wehaveab______vowel.13.Articulatoryphoneticsstudiesthemovementofthevocalorgansinproducingthesoundsofspeech;whilea__________phoneticsstudiesthewaythesoundsofthespeechareperceivedbythehumanear.

14.Aninitialclassificationwilldividethespeechsoundsintotwobroadcategories:

v________andc__________.

15.Theallophoneofthesamephonemearesaidtobeinc___________distribution.

16.Thebasicunitinphoneticsisp_______,whilethebasicunitinphonologyisp_______.

17.Aphonemeisanabstractunitanditisrealizedbyacertain________inacertainphoneticcontext.

18.Comsonantsoundscanbeeithervoicedorvoiceless.Forexample,thesound\v______andthesound\19.Clear［1］anddark［］areallophonesofthesameonephoneme/1/.Theynevertakethesamepositioninsoundcombinations,thustheyaresaidtobeinc________distribution.

20.Anessentialdifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowelsiswhethertheaircomingfromthelungsmeetsanyo______whenasoundisproduced.

21.Phonologicalrulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds______rules.

22.Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiredtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi______.

23.I______morphemesareattachedtowords,buttheyneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory24.A______phoneticsstudiestheperceptionofspeechsounds.

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25.Anylanguageiscomposedofthreemainelements:

speechsounds,grammaticalstructure,andm____.

26.M______isthestudyofwordformationandtheinternalstructureofwords.

27.Themorphemesthatcannotbeusedbythemselves,butmustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwordscarcalledb______morphemes.

28.Boundmorphemesmaybesubdividedintoderivationalandi________morphemes.29.M_______isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

30.Anindependentunitofmeaningthatcanbeusedfreelybyitselfiscalledaf______morpheme.

31.Accordingtoitspositioninthenewword,a______aredividedintotwokinds:

prefixesandsuffixes.

32.Accordingtothetransformational-generativegrammar,everysentencehastwostructures.Oneisthedeepstructure;theotheristhesurfacestructure.andthesurfacestructurecomesfromthedeepstructurethrought________.

33.Anysentencesthatsharethesamedeepstructure