The problems of SinoUS trade relations and Chinas strategy.docx

The problems of SinoUS trade relations and Chinas strategy.docx

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TheproblemsofSinoUStraderelationsandChinasstrategy

TheproblemsofSino-UStraderelationsandChina’sstrategy.

Abstract

WiththeincreasinglyclosecontactsandexchangesbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStatesinpolitical,economicandculturalfields,thetradevolumebetweenthetwocountrieshavebeencontinuouslygrowing,andthetradestructureisalsochanging.Atthesametimethetradeconflictsbetweenthetwocountriesisbecomingmoreandmorefrequent,mainlyintradeimbalance,theU.S.anti-dumpingissueswithChina,textiletradeissues,agriculturaltradeissuesandintellectualpropertyissues.ToChineseproducts,U.S.hasbeentakingmoreandmoremeasuressuchasanti-dumping,anti-subsidy,andpeculiarsafeguardmeasures,whichisaseriousdistortionoffreetrade.Accordingtothetraditionalinternationaleconomictheory,anydistortionoffreetradewilldoharmtotrade-country’ssocialwelfarelevel,andcause"deadweightloss"tothewholeworld,andisalsonotinaccordancewiththe"symptomaticrules".ThereisnodoubtthatthegrowingtradeconflictsisputtingincreasinglynegativeimpactsonthesmoothdevelopmentofSino-USeconomicandtraderelations.Thisphenomenonhasarousedinterestsofmanypeople,andsohowtoviewthisandhowtodealwithitbecomethemajorissuesofcommonconcernforChina’sgovernment,businessandacademia.ThisthesisfirstoutlinedthecurrentsituationofSino-UStradeandtheformsofSino-UStradeconflicts,andthenexplainedindetailstepbystepfromtheaspectssuchasthemulti-levelreasonsoftheSino-UStradeconflicts,theinfluencesoftradeconflictsonChina’seconomyandtrade,andChina’smeasurestodealwithtradeconflicts.Themainformsoftradeincludethreeaspectssuchastwo"unfavorableterms",technicalbarrierstotrade（TBT）,nationallegislationofUSandanti-subsidymeasures.Tradeconflictsarenotonlyfavorable,butalsoadversetoChina’seconomicdevelopment.Thefavorablesidesare:

tradeconflictscanspeeduptheupgradingofproductstructure,beconducivetocultivatingChina’scompetitiveindustries,todevelopingChina’sforeigndirectinvestment,topromotingdiversificationstrategyofChina’sexportmarketandtransformingeconomicgrowthmode,canhelptoimproveChina’soverallnationalwelfareandtobuildasocialistharmonioussociety.Theadversesidesare:

thegrowingtradeconflictsstrengthenedthemindsetofUSofsafeguardagainstChinaemergenceandriseanddestroyedthenormalbilateraltraderelations.Withthe"overfloweffect",tradeconflictshavemanyrestrictionstoChina’sexportsandUnitedStateshasaskedChinatostrengthentheprotectionofintellectualproperty.

Keywords:

Sino-UStrade；tradeconflicts；influencesonChina’seconomyandtrade；Countermeasures

摘要

随着中国和美国政治、经济、文化交往的日益密切,两国间贸易额持续增长,贸易结构也在不断变化。

与此同时两国贸易摩擦也不断增多,主要表现在贸易不平衡问题、美国对华反倾销问题、纺织品贸易问题、农产品贸易问题以及知识产权问题等。

美国对中国产品采取越来越多的反倾销、反补贴以及实行特别保障措施,是对自由贸易的严重扭曲。

根据传统的国际经济学理论,任何对自由贸易的扭曲都将损害贸易国的社会福利水平,给整个世界带来“无谓损失”,也不符合“对症规则”。

毫无疑问,日益增多的贸易摩擦正在对中美经贸关系的顺利发展产生越来越大的负面影响。

如何来看待这一现象?

又如何加以应对?

已成为我国政府、企业及学术界所共同关注的重大问题。

本文从简述中美贸易贸易的现状及贸易摩擦的表现形式开始,依次对中美贸易摩擦的多层次原因、贸易摩擦对中国经贸的影响、中国的应对措施等方面进行了详尽细致的阐述。

贸易摩擦的表现形式主要有三个方面:

两大“不利条款”、技术性贸易壁垒、美国的国内法及反补贴措施。

贸易摩擦对中国经济发展既有有利的一面,同时也有不利的一面。

有利方面体现在:

加速产品的结构升级,有利于培养我国的竞争优势产业,有利于推动我国对外直接投资的发展,有利于我国推动出口市场多元化战略,有利于提高中国整体国民福利,建设社会主义和谐社会。

中美贸易摩擦对我国经济发展的消极影响主要体现在:

贸易摩擦增强了美国对中国崛起的防范心态,贸易摩擦破坏了双边的正常经贸关系,贸易摩擦具有“溢出效应,中美贸易摩擦对我国的出口有较大限制,美国要求中国加强对知识产权的保。

关键词：

中美经贸；贸易摩擦；经贸影响；应对措施；

Ⅰ.NewFeaturesofSino-UStradefriction

1.1Tradefrictionproductsgraduallyfromlightindustry,chemicalindustryandotherlowvalue-addedproducts,highvalue-addedproductsextendedtothemechanicalandelectrical.

U.S.anti-dumpingcases,involvinglightindustry,textileandchemicalproducts,intheU.S.anti-dumpingcasesinthetotalnumberofcasesinthe80yearsfromthe20thcenturytheproportionof88.8%inthelastcentury90's70%and48.22%theendof2005.Overthesameperiod,theproportionofelectromechanicalproductswas5.5yearsfrom80%to25.4%.

1.2Diversificationofformsoftradefriction.

Anti-dumping,technicalbarrierstotradeandotherSino-UStradefrictionisthemainform.Atpresent,had"safeguardclause"andtheapplicationofsafeguardmeasuresandotheraspectsofthetransfer,andmaybecomeanimportantmeansofprotectingU.S.trade.Asthe"safeguardclause"simplystarttheprogram,China'sexportsarevulnerabletorestrictions.

1.3Tradefrictionbegantransformingthemicroleveltomacrolevel.

Becauseofsomeindustriesandproducts（suchasclothingandotherlabor-intensiveproducts）dependenceonthelargerU.S.market,increasingtradefrictionwillbeChina'smainexportstotheU.S.causedconsiderablelossofbusiness,andinhibitionofChina'sforeigntradeeconomyRapidgrowth.Inaddition,thetradefrictionofthe"overfloweffect"alsospreadtothepoliticalfield,but"non-marketeconomyclause"maymakethefieldofSino-UStradefrictionfromthemicrotothemacro-sectors.

Ⅱ.AnalysisofSino-UStradefriction

Tradefrictionbetweencountriesdifferencesinthecountryhavetheirowndifferentreasons.SincetheestablishmentofbilateraleconomicandtraderelationsbetweenChinaandtheU.S.thetwocountrieshadalreadystartedtotradefriction.Fundamentally,thisisChinaandtheU.S.domesticeconomicsituationiscloselyrelatedto.

2.1Sino-UStradeimbalanceisthemostimportantfactorineconomicandtradefrictions.

U.S.economistJosephStiglitzprovedthatwiththeeconomicmodel,onecountrywithanothercountry'scurrentaccountdeficitifmorethan1.5%ofGDP,willoccurbetweenthetwocountries,"thefiercefriction";Ifmorethan2%towillcauseretaliatorymeasures;ifacountry'stradesurplusmorethan25%ofthecountry-30%,itwillturnintopoliticalproblems.AccordingtoChinesestatistics,Sino-UStradebalanceandtheratioofGDPfrom1.04%in1993roseto3.45%in2002;otherU.S.statisticsalsoshowthatthebalanceoftradebetweenthetwocountriestheratioofChina'sGDPin19933.79%to8.33%in2002,regardlessofwherethestatisticaldatashowthatSino-USeconomicandtraderelationsbetweenthefrictionwillcauseseriousproblems.Moreover,China'stradesurplusin2003bilateraltradehasreached46.39%.So,thescaleofSino-UStradeimbalance,theissuehasevolvedintotheU.S.domesticpoliticalissue,butalsotrappedinChinaintheSino-UStradefrictionandthemainfactorintheunfavorableposition.

2.2U.S.exportgrowthandtradefrictionsremainkeytogrowing.

WithChina'srapideconomicdevelopment,rapidexpansionofChina'sforeigntrade,especiallyexportstotheU.S.growthisrapid.Tradefrictionsbetweenthetwocountriesinevitablyincrease,whichisthedevelopmentofinternationaltradeisboundtopaytheprice.Atpresent,China'sdependenceonforeigntradein1990increased30%tothecurrent70%.U.S.exportstoChinaareoftenatacertaintimeinseveralproducts,andexportvolumeislarge,whiletheU.S.isapoliticalbodyofallregionsandsectorsofthecomplexcollectionofinterestgroups,andtherequirementsoftheseinterestgroups,callscanoftenbemorefullyreflectedthepolitical.Therefore,someindustries,theregionaleconomyareormaybeimportediftheimpactofinterestgroupsareusuallyrepresentedasmuchaspossibletoasktheFederalGovernmentfortheprotectionoftradepolicy,whichledtobilateraltradefrictions.

2.3TheUnitedStatestheimpactofeconomicrestructuring.

Afteralong10yearsofrapideconomicgrowthaftertherecessionintheUnitedStatesbeganin2001,intoacorrespondingstructuraladjustment.StructuraladjustmentprocessintheUnitedStates,theobstaclestopromoteU.S.foreigneconomicpolicyofunilateralismandtheriseofprotectionismintheperformanceofSino-UStradefrictionisincreasing.

2.4ThemainfocusofSino-UStradefriction.

Since2001,theUnitedStatesbegantoimprovethroughthedepreciationofthedollarcurrentaccountdeficit,weakdollarpolicytoimprovetheeuroareaandJapan,U.S.productsmorecompetitive.However,theimplementationofcurrencytothedollarsinceChina'sexchangeratepolicy,togetherwiththedollardevaluationoftheyuan,makingthecompetitivenessofChineseproductsalsoincreased.IntheU.S.view,Chinapeggedtothedollar'sexchangeratepolicybysharingthebenefitsofdepreciationofthedollar.SotheU.S.hastorevalueitscurrency,leadingtoanumberoftradefriction.

Ⅲ.Sino-UStradefrictionontheimpactofChina'seconomicdevelopment

3.1Sino-UStradefrictiononthepositiveimpactofChina'seconomicdevelopment

3.1.1Acceleratetheupgradingofthestructureofproducts.

InaccordancewiththeRicardiantheoryofcomparativeadvantage,acountryshoulddevelopitsownindustrieswithcomparativeadvantagestotheproductionofsuchproductsandthecomparativeadvantagesofcountriesdonothavetotrade,sothattradingpartiescanbenefitfromthetrade.Accordingtothistheory,Chinashoulddeveloplabor-intensiveindustries.Heckscher-Ohlinfactorendowmenttheorythatacountryshouldproduceandexporttheirproductsrelativefactorintensity,accordingtothistheory,Chinashouldalsodeveloplabor-intensiveelementsoftheindustry.Thesameistrueoftheactualsituation,China'sexportcommoditiesaremostlylabor-intensive,lowvalue-addedproducts.

Prebisch-Singerofdeterioratingtermsoftradethatthedevelopingcountries,lesslabor-intensiveelasticityofdemandforprimaryproducts,whiledevelopedcountriesdemandgreaterflexibilityinhigh-techproducts,aspeople'slivingstandards,theprimaryReduceddemandforproducts,primaryproductpricesfellfaster,meaningthattheterm