GISPlanning.docx

GISPlanning.docx

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GISPlanning

GISPlanning

∙GIScombinesstate-of-the-arttechnicalexpertisewithabackgroundinurban

planningpracticetocreateuser-friendlyGISapplicationsontheWorldWide

Web.

∙GISPlanning'sworkhasbeenrecognizedwithmanyofthehighestawardsinthefieldsofEconomicDevelopment,GeographicInformationSystems,andInformationTechnologyincludingthe1999,2000&2001CouncilforUrbanEconomicDevelopmentGoldAwards,2001AmericanEconomicDevelopmentCouncilBestofClassaward,1998&2001ESRIAwardforBestInteractiveInternetApplicationandwinneroftheStockholmChallenge2001.

∙ItsworkhasbeenfeaturedinTheWallStreetJournal,CNN,NBC,Governing,AmericanCity&County,GovernmentTechnologyandanumberofotherqualitypublications.

∙GISPlanning'sworkisrecognizedasamodelforeconomicdevelopmentintheU.S.DepartmentofCommerceEconomicDevelopmentAdministration's"InnovativeLocalEconomicDevelopmentPrograms."

DefinitionofPlanning

∙Planningisbasicallyaboutthedevelopmentanduseofland.

∙Itistheresolutionofthemany,andoftenconflictingpressuresonlandandresources.

∙Membersplanthescientific,aestheticandorderlydispositionofland,resources,facilitiesandservices.

∙Thisisaccomplishedwithaviewtosecuringthephysical,economicandsocialefficiency,healthandwellbeingofurbanandruralcommunitiesoftheenvironment.

∙Plannersmayfocusontransportation,recreation,heritage,healthcareplanning,environmentalresearchandassessment,parksplanning,economicdevelopment,municipalplanningandregionalplanning.

∙Cityplanningistheactofprovidingamoreadequatephysicalexpressionforthecompositeidealsofgroupsofpeoplethrowntogetherbysocialandeconomicforcesinourcommunities.

∙Cityplanningisaconsciousefforttotransformourvagueidealsofcommunitylivingintoforms,whichwillaccuratelyexpresssuchideals.

∙Itissimplytheexerciseofsuchforesightaswillpromotetheorderlyandslightlydevelopmentofacityanditsenvironsalongrationallines,withproperregardforthehealthandconvenienceofthecitizensandforthecommercialandindustrialadvancementofthecommunity.

∙Planningshouldbeatoolforallocatingresourcesanddevelopingtheenvironmentinordertoeliminatethegreatinequalitiesofwealthandpowerinoursociety,ratherthantomaintainandjustifythestatusquo.

∙Urbanplanningcanbedefinedvariouslyastheformulationofalternativepatternsofurbansettlement,therationaluseofresourcestoalleviateurbanproblems,andtheprovisionofacity'sphysicalandsocialinfrastructure--transportation,utilities,housing,communityfacilities,andservices.Moresimply,itistheartofbuildingcities.

∙Todayplanningisasmuchapartoftheresponsibilityofurbangovernmentastheprovisionofservicesorthecollectionoftaxes.

∙Municipalgovernmentspreparecomprehensiveormasterplanstoguidefuturedevelopment,capitalbudgetstoprogramfutureexpendituresforservices,andzoningordinancesandsubdivisionregulationstocontroldevelopment.

∙Contemporaryurbanplanningdrawsuponmanydisciplines.

∙Thesocialsciencesquantifythesizeandcharacteristicsofthefuturepopulation,itsneeds,anditsoccupationalstructureandincomedistribution.

∙Architecture,Engineering,LandscapeArchitecture,andurbandesignprovidethethree-dimensionalsolutionsthataretheexpressionofbroaddevelopmentpolicydecisions.

∙Thescienceofecologypermitsanincreasinglyaccuratemeasurementoftheenvironmentalconsequencesofdevelopmentandthecontroloftheiradverseeffects.

∙Lawandpoliticalscienceprovidetheprincipallegislativeandbureaucraticmechanismsthatareusedtoimplementplanningdecisions.

∙Planning,however,isfarfromanexactscience.Itsprimeareaofconcernispeopleandtheirrelationshiptothebuiltenvironment.

∙Althoughplanningmayanticipatetheneedforjobs,shelter,transportation,education,health,orrecreation,itseffectivenessislimitedtoputtingrestraintsonprivatepropertyrightsandprovidingincentivestoinfluenceindividualchoices.

∙Planningisarepetitiveoriterativeprocess.Itrequirestheformulationofsocialgoalsthatcanbetranslatedintopoliticallyacceptableobjectivesthat,inturn,canbedetailedintospecificprogramsandprojects.

∙Althoughsocialvaluesandgoalstendtoevolveratherslowly,theirtransformationintooperativeprogramstendstoreflectimmediatepoliticalobjectives.

∙The2-to4-yeartermsofcityofficialsoftendictatetheperiodsoverwhichtheeffectivenessofplanningismeasuredandthusdeterminethescopeofmanylocalprogramsandprojects.

∙Planningisalsoadynamicprocess.

∙Populationmovements,economicfluctuations,technologicalinnovations,or,morecommonly,theobsolescenceofthecity'sphysicalplantrequireperiodicrevisionsofplanningstrategies.

∙Modernurbanplanningowesitsorigintothenecessityforcreatingamoresanitaryurbanenvironmentbydemolishingtheworstslumsandcontrollingthequalityofnewconstruction.

∙Effectiveurbanplanningcomprisescleardevelopmentobjectivesaswellasthemeanstocarrythemout.

∙Developmentobjectivescanvarygreatlyaccordingtolocalconditionsandtheconsensusthatcanbeachievedoncommunitygoals.

∙Acitymaychoosetodevelopitsunbuiltland,revitalizeitsdowntownarea,demolishitsslumsandreplacethemwithnewbuildings,oranycombinationoftheseobjectives.

∙Itsdevelopmentobjectives,usuallycombiningsocialandphysicalaspects,aresetforthinacomprehensiveplan,whichdocumentsexistingconditions,analyzesthecausesofvariousshortcomings,andexploresalternativesolutions.

∙Bycomparingthesocial,economic,andpoliticalcostsandadvantagesofpossiblesolutions,apreferredalternativecanbeselectedanddetailedintospecificprojectsandprograms.

∙Theimplementationofaplanoccursovermanyyears;itsprogressisafunctionofthecity'sabilitytofinanceitaswellasoftheplan'spoliticalviability.

∙Themeansatthecity'sdisposalmayrangefromtheuseofitsnormalregulatorypowerstolegislateforthehealth,safety,andgeneralwelfareofthepopulationtodirectinterventionintheprivatemarketthroughtaxincentives,thepurchaseoflandandbuildingsbyeminentdomain,demolitionofunsafestructures,andnewconstruction.

∙Acityplannedinaccordancewiththeprincipleslaiddownintheabovedefinitionwillsurelybecomebeautiful;itwilllenditselftoartistictreatment（notadornmentbymunicipalart,foritisdifficulttoexplaininwhatrespect"municipal"artdiffersfromanyotherkindofart）;itwillprovideadequatesitesforpublicandsemipublicbuildings,whichcanbeavailedofbythearchitectwhenthetimecomeswithouttheexpenseofrearrangingthestreetsystemtogivethemapropersetting.

∙Toplanacitywithitsfinalartisticembellishmentwouldbenotonlyfolly,butwouldbefarbeyondthecapacityofanyonemanorgroupofmeninanyonegeneration.

∙Toattempttodesignatethespecificsitesforfuturepublicbuildingswithaspecialregardtothesize,shape,anddesignwhichthosemakingtheplandeemedtobemostsuitablewouldevidenceanarroganceandself-complacencywhichwouldrenderoneunfitforthetaskhehasundertaken.

CityPlanner

∙Thecityplanneristothecityverymuchwhatthefamilyphysicianistothefamily.

∙Heisconstantlycalledupontoadviseanddirectinallmatterspertainingtohisprofession.

∙Heisnotexpectedtoknoweverybranchofhisprofessionaswellasthespecialistineachbranch,buthedoesknowthecharacter,constitution,particularneedsandeccentricityofthecity,asthefamilyphysicianknowstheconstitutionsofthefamily.Justasthefamilyphysiciancallsaspecialistintoconsultationincasesrequiringexpertadvice,whichhemaynotfeelcompetenttogive,sothecityplannershould,inallcasesofsufficientimportance,securetheservicesofthespecialistinthatrequired.

∙Heshouldbequicktorealizethatamanwhohaspreparedhimselfbyyearsofcarefulstudyandbywideexperienceinthisfield,islikelytosecuremoresatisfactoryresultsthanhecanwhohasnothadsuchaspecialexperience.

∙Thecityplannershould,therefore,betheveryonetosuggestandtourgetheemploymentofexpertswheneverthecaseisofsufficientimportancetojustifyit,andshouldnotwaituntilitisurgeduponhim.

∙Plannersshouldbeawareoftheforcesandschoolsofthoughtthatshapeandchangeourcities.

∙OnesuchinfluenceisthatofPost-Modernism.Conventional,Modernist,rationalplanninghasinthelastdecadeandahalfbeensubjecttotheinfluencesofthepost-modernmovement.

∙Thishasledtoadistinctpost-modernapproachtoplanning.

∙Itisagainsttheconventional,modernistapproachthatpost-modernistplanningwillbecontrasted.

∙Throughthis,ourperceptionsandunderstandingofthenatureofurbanplanningwillbeimproved.

∙Tounderstandwherethefieldofplanningisheading,wemustfirstexaminemodernplanningandproblemsassociatedwithit.

∙Planning,aswithotherfields,suchasitscloserelationarchitecture,issubjecttothenewschoolofthoughtofpost-modernism.

Internettorelevantresources:

Planning

（1）Website:

∙Thesiteoffersahostofgeographic,demographicandeconomicinformationoftensoughtbycompaniesandsiteselectors

∙TheInternetGISeconomicdevelopmentprogramscreatedbyGISPlanninghavebecomethemodelforimplementingbusinesssite-selectionandattractiontechnology.