GISPlanning.docx

1、GISPlanningGIS Planning GIS combines state-of-the-art technical expertise with a background in urban planning practice to create user-friendly GIS applications on the World Wide Web. GIS Plannings work has been recognized with many of the highest awards in the fields of Economic Development, Geograp

2、hic Information Systems, and Information Technology including the 1999, 2000 & 2001 Council for Urban Economic Development Gold Awards, 2001 American Economic Development Council Best of Class award, 1998 & 2001 ESRI Award for Best Interactive Internet Application and winner of the Stockholm Challen

3、ge 2001. Its work has been featured in The Wall Street Journal, CNN, NBC, Governing, American City & County, Government Technology and a number of other quality publications. GIS Plannings work is recognized as a model for economic development in the U.S. Department of Commerce Economic Development

4、Administrations Innovative Local Economic Development Programs.Definition of Planning Planning is basically about the development and use of land. It is the resolution of the many, and often conflicting pressures on land and resources. Members plan the scientific, aesthetic and orderly disposition o

5、f land, resources, facilities and services. This is accomplished with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well being of urban and rural communities of the environment. Planners may focus on transportation, recreation, heritage, health care planning, environmen

6、tal research and assessment, parks planning, economic development, municipal planning and regional planning. City planning is the act of providing a more adequate physical expression for the composite ideals of groups of people thrown together by social and economic forces in our communities. City p

7、lanning is a conscious effort to transform our vague ideals of community living into forms, which will accurately express such ideals. It is simply the exercise of such foresight as will promote the orderly and slightly development of a city and its environs along rational lines, with proper regard

8、for the health and convenience of the citizens and for the commercial and industrial advancement of the community. Planning should be a tool for allocating resources and developing the environment in order to eliminate the great inequalities of wealth and power in our society, rather than to maintai

9、n and justify the status quo. Urban planning can be defined variously as the formulation of alternative patterns of urban settlement, the rational use of resources to alleviate urban problems, and the provision of a citys physical and social infrastructure-transportation, utilities, housing, communi

10、ty facilities, and services. More simply, it is the art of building cities. Today planning is as much a part of the responsibility of urban government as the provision of services or the collection of taxes. Municipal governments prepare comprehensive or master plans to guide future development, cap

11、ital budgets to program future expenditures for services, and zoning ordinances and subdivision regulations to control development. Contemporary urban planning draws upon many disciplines. The social sciences quantify the size and characteristics of the future population, its needs, and its occupati

12、onal structure and income distribution. Architecture, Engineering, Landscape Architecture, and urban design provide the three-dimensional solutions that are the expression of broad development policy decisions. The science of ecology permits an increasingly accurate measurement of the environmental

13、consequences of development and the control of their adverse effects. Law and political science provide the principal legislative and bureaucratic mechanisms that are used to implement planning decisions. Planning, however, is far from an exact science. Its prime area of concern is people and their

14、relationship to the built environment. Although planning may anticipate the need for jobs, shelter, transportation, education, health, or recreation, its effectiveness is limited to putting restraints on private property rights and providing incentives to influence individual choices. Planning is a

15、repetitive or iterative process. It requires the formulation of social goals that can be translated into politically acceptable objectives that, in turn, can be detailed into specific programs and projects. Although social values and goals tend to evolve rather slowly, their transformation into oper

16、ative programs tends to reflect immediate political objectives. The 2- to 4-year terms of city officials often dictate the periods over which the effectiveness of planning is measured and thus determine the scope of many local programs and projects. Planning is also a dynamic process. Population mov

17、ements, economic fluctuations, technological innovations, or, more commonly, the obsolescence of the citys physical plant require periodic revisions of planning strategies. Modern urban planning owes its origin to the necessity for creating a more sanitary urban environment by demolishing the worst

18、slums and controlling the quality of new construction. Effective urban planning comprises clear development objectives as well as the means to carry them out. Development objectives can vary greatly according to local conditions and the consensus that can be achieved on community goals. A city may c

19、hoose to develop its unbuilt land, revitalize its downtown area, demolish its slums and replace them with new buildings, or any combination of these objectives. Its development objectives, usually combining social and physical aspects, are set forth in a comprehensive plan, which documents existing

20、conditions, analyzes the causes of various shortcomings, and explores alternative solutions. By comparing the social, economic, and political costs and advantages of possible solutions, a preferred alternative can be selected and detailed into specific projects and programs. The implementation of a

21、plan occurs over many years; its progress is a function of the citys ability to finance it as well as of the plans political viability. The means at the citys disposal may range from the use of its normal regulatory powers to legislate for the health, safety, and general welfare of the population to

22、 direct intervention in the private market through tax incentives, the purchase of land and buildings by eminent domain, demolition of unsafe structures, and new construction. A city planned in accordance with the principles laid down in the above definition will surely become beautiful; it will len

23、d itself to artistic treatment (not adornment by municipal art, for it is difficult to explain in what respect municipal art differs from any other kind of art); it will provide adequate sites for public and semipublic buildings, which can be availed of by the architect when the time comes without t

24、he expense of rearranging the street system to give them a proper setting. To plan a city with its final artistic embellishment would be not only folly, but would be far beyond the capacity of any one man or group of men in any one generation. To attempt to designate the specific sites for future pu

25、blic buildings with a special regard to the size, shape, and design which those making the plan deemed to be most suitable would evidence an arrogance and self- complacency which would render one unfit for the task he has undertaken. City Planner The city planner is to the city very much what the fa

26、mily physician is to the family. He is constantly called upon to advise and direct in all matters pertaining to his profession. He is not expected to know every branch of his profession as well as the specialist in each branch, but he does know the character, constitution, particular needs and eccen

27、tricity of the city, as the family physician knows the constitutions of the family. Just as the family physician calls a specialist into consultation in cases requiring expert advice, which he may not feel competent to give, so the city planner should, in all cases of sufficient importance, secure t

28、he services of the specialist in that required. He should be quick to realize that a man who has prepared himself by years of careful study and by wide experience in this field, is likely to secure more satisfactory results than he can who has not had such a special experience. The city planner shou

29、ld, therefore, be the very one to suggest and to urge the employment of experts whenever the case is of sufficient importance to justify it, and should not wait until it is urged upon him. Planners should be aware of the forces and schools of thought that shape and change our cities. One such influe

30、nce is that of Post-Modernism. Conventional, Modernist, rational planning has in the last decade and a half been subject to the influences of the post-modern movement. This has led to a distinct post-modern approach to planning. It is against the conventional, modernist approach that post-modernist

31、planning will be contrasted. Through this, our perceptions and understanding of the nature of urban planning will be improved. To understand where the field of planning is heading, we must first examine modern planning and problems associated with it. Planning, as with other fields, such as its clos

32、e relation architecture, is subject to the new school of thought of post-modernism. Internet to relevant resources : Planning (1) Website: The site offers a host of geographic, demographic and economic information often sought by companies and site selectors The Internet GIS economic development programs created by GIS Planning have become the model for implementing business site-selection and attraction technology.