构词法解析.docx

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构词法解析.docx

构词法解析

高中英语构词法归纳

1.派生法

(1)前缀

1表示否定意义的前缀:

a.纯否定前缀:

un-:

unable,unemployment,unload,uncover,unhappy,untrue,unlike,unrest,unfair,unknown,unhealthy,unusual,uncertain,unclear,unequal,unlucky,unreal,unkind,uncomfortable,uneasy,uninteresting,unimportant,unnecessary,unpleasant,undivided,unreserved(无保留的)

dis-:

dislike,disarm,disagree,disappear,disadvantage,dishonest,disability,discover,disobey

in-,im-,il-,ir-:

incapable,inability,incomplete,incorrect,inconvenient,inexpensive,impossible,immoral,illegal,illogical,irregular,irrelative

non-:

non-smoker,non-stop,non-violent,nonwhite,non-member,nonparty,nonsense

b.表示错误的意义:

mis-:

mistake,mislead,misunderstanding,misuse,mis-spell,mistrust,mistreat

c.表示“反、防、抗”的意义:

anti-antiwarantitankantibodyanti-Japanese

contra-contra-missile反导弹的contradict矛盾的counter-counterrevolution反革命counterattack反击

2表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀:

a-在⋯⋯之上,向⋯⋯:

aboard,aside

de-在下,向下:

decrease,degrade

en-在内,进入:

encage(入笼),enbed(上床)

ex-外部,外:

exit,expand(扩张),export

fore-在前面:

forehead,foreground,foreleg,forefootin-,im-向内,在内,背于:

inland,inside,indoor(s),importinter-在⋯⋯间,相互:

international,interaction,internet,interviewmid-中,中间:

mid-position,mid-term,mid-autumn,midnightout-在外部,在外:

outline,outside,outward(s),outdoor(s)over-在上面,在外部,向上:

overlook,overhead,overboard,overcoat,overdress,oversea(s)海(外)

post-向后,在后边,次:

postscript(附言),post-reading,postwarpre-在前,在前面,提前:

prefix(前缀),preface(前言),preposition,super-在⋯..之上,超级:

supernatural,superpower,supermantrans-移上,转上,在那一边:

translate,transform,transplant,transportation

under-在⋯..下面,下的:

underline,underground,underwater,undershirtup-向上,向上面,在上:

upward(s),uphold,uphill(上坡)auto-自己,独立,自动:

automobile,autobiographytele-远离:

television,telephone,telegram,telegraph,telescope

3表示时间,序列关系的前缀:

fore-在前面,先前,前面:

foreword,forecast,foretell,foresee,foreknow,

mid-中,中间:

midnight,midsummer,mid-day,mid-autumnpost-在后,后:

postwar,postgraduate(研究生),postdatepre-在前,事先,预先:

preheat,prewar,prehistory,preview,prebattle,re-再一次,重新:

retell,rewrite,renew,reconsider,reuse,remarry,recycle,rebuild

4表示比较程度差别关系的前缀:

by-副,次要的:

byproduct(副产品),bywork(副业)extra-超越,额外:

extraordinary

over-超过,过度,太:

overeat,oversleep,overpraise,overwork,overact(行为过分),overdo

under-低劣,低下:

undersize,undergrown,underproductio(n生产不足)vice-副,次:

vice-president,vice-chairman

5表示共同,相等意思的前缀:

co-共同,一起:

coexist,co-operate,co-worker,coactions,coauthor

6表示某种状态,构成形容词、副词或动词:

a-afraid,alive,alone,asleep,ashamed,aloud,ahead,aside,alike,awake

7表示分离,离开意思的前缀:

a-分离,离开:

away,apart

de-离去,处去:

depart,decolour

8自我:

self-self-protect(ion),self-made,self-control

9表示变换词类作用的前缀:

be-befriend

en-enslave,enable,enrich,enlarge,encourage

10表示数量关系的前缀:

a.uni-单一,一:

uniform,unicellular(单细胞)

b.bi-二,两,双,bicycle,bilingual双语的,bimonthlytri-三:

triangle三角形

c.semi-半,一半:

semiconductor,semicircle,semimonthly,semifinal

d.centi-百,百分之一:

centimeter

e.kilo-千,千分之一:

kilometer,kilogram,kilowatt,kilowatt

f.micro-微小:

microsoft,microcomputer,microscope,micro-wave

g.multi-许多,复,多数:

multimedia,multicolored,multiculture,multiparty多党的

h.milli-千分之一、毫:

millimeter,milligram

i.mini-微小、微型:

minibus,miniskirt,minipark

(2)后缀

1名词后缀:

a.具有某种职业或动作的人:

-an,-ian,-ician⋯⋯地方的人,精通⋯⋯的人:

American,Asian,

Australian,Russian,Italian,historian,librarian,electrician,magician,technician,musician,politician(政客),physician

-ant,-ent⋯⋯人:

merchant,servant,assistant,agent,student,-ee动作承受者:

employee,examinee,payee,interviewee-eer从事于⋯⋯人:

engineer,volunteer

-er从事某种职业的人,某地区,地方的人:

banker,observer,Londoner,villagersinger,driver,writer,speaker,traveller,buyer

-or⋯⋯者:

author,doctor,operator,actor,visitor,inventor,educator-ar,-ary⋯⋯的人,从事⋯⋯的人:

scholar,liar,beggar,secretary,missionary

-ese⋯⋯国人⋯⋯地方的人:

Chinese,Japanese,Cantone(se广东人)-ess阴性人称名词:

actress,hostess,princess,waitress

-ist从事⋯⋯研究者,信仰⋯⋯主义者:

pianist,communist,dentist,artist,chemist,socialist,typist,receptionist

-icist⋯⋯家,⋯⋯者,⋯⋯能手:

physicist,,technicist

-logist⋯⋯学家,研究者:

biologist,geologist

b.构成具有抽象名词的含义:

-age状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称:

courage,storage,marriage,percentage

-al事物的动作,过程:

refusal,arrival,survival,denial,approval,trial,burial

-ance,-ence性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度:

importance,distance,avoidance,appearance,performance,diligence,difference,obedience,absence,presence,existence

-ancy,-ency性质,状态,行为,过程:

frequency,urgency,efficiency,-ity性质,状态,程度:

purity,reality,equality,majority

-bility动作,性质,状态:

ability,possibility,probability,responsibility-dom等级,领域,状态:

freedom,kingdom,wisdom-ery,-ry行为,状态,习性,性质:

bravery,slavery

-hood资格,身份,年纪,状态:

childhood,girlhood,boyhood,manhood-ice行为,性质,状态:

notice,justice,service

-ing动作的过程,结果:

building,writing,learning

-ion,-ation,-ition,-sion行为的过程,结果,状况:

suggestion,action,solution,invention,direction,correction,collection,instruction,destruction,introduction,congratulation,dictation,invitation,pronunciation,examination,graduation,operation,education,information,translation,starvation,satisfaction,relation,irrigation,determination,preparation,imagination,explanation,opposition,competition,description,decision,division,conclusion,explosion,impression,expression,admission,permission,discussion

-ment行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果:

disappointment,treatment,movement,judgment,punishment,argument,agreement,government,development,improvement,requirement,astonishment,encouragement-ness性质,状态,程度:

goodness,kindness,tiredness,friendliness,business,illness,happiness,goodness,willingness,weakness,fairness

-ism主义,学说,信仰,行为:

socialism,criticism,heroism,tourism,communism,Marxism,capitalism

-ship情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业:

hardship,relationship,membership,friendship,seamanship,ownership,scholarship,professorship

-th,性质,状态:

strength,length,width,depth,wealth,truth,growth,warmth,youth

-ure行为,结果:

exposure,pressure,failure,procedure,mixtur,epleasure-craft工艺:

aircraft,needlecraft,woodcraft

c.带有场所,地方的含义:

-age住所,地点:

village,cottage

-ary住所,场地:

library,granary(谷仓),gallery

-ory工作场所,住处:

factory,dormitory,laboratory,observatory

2形容词后缀:

a.带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义:

-able,-ible:

movable,comfortable,eatable,enjoyable,acceptable,reasonable,applicable,visible,responsible,terrible,horrible

-al:

natural,additional,educational,national

-ant,-ent:

distant,important,excellent

-ing(表示特征:

令人觉得):

moving,touching,interesting,exciting,disappointing,astonishing,boring,amazing

-ed(表示情绪:

觉得):

pleased,interested,surprised,worried,excited,bored,determined,delighted

-ish:

foolish,bookish,selfish

-ive:

active,impressive,decisive,active,instructive,expensive,progressive

b.表示“相象,类似”的含义:

-ish:

boyish,childish

-like:

manlike,childlike

-some:

troublesome,handsome,awesome

-y:

milky,cloudysunny,windy,rainy,foggy,healthy,wealthy,worthy,bloody,funny,dirty,lucky,noisy,salty,smelly,hilly

-ly:

manly,fatherly,motherly,sisterly,brotherly,daily,weekly,monthly,quarterly,yearly,friendly,lonely,orderly,lovely,lively,likely,scholarly

c.表示“充分的”含义:

-ful:

beautiful,wonderful,helpful,successful,harmful,useful,careful,forgetful,merciful

-ous:

dangerous,courageous,nervous,mountainous,humorous,various

d.表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产的含义:

-en:

wooden,golden,woolen

e.表示方向的含义:

-ern:

eastern,western,southern,northern,southeastern,northwestern

-ward:

downward,forward

f.表示“数量关系”的含义:

-teen:

thirteen

-ty:

fifty

-th:

fourth,fiftieth

g.表示国籍,语种,宗教的含义:

-an:

Roman,European

-ese:

Chinese,Japanese

-ish:

English,Spanish

h.表示否定:

-less:

countless,stainless(不锈的),wireless,useless,endless,priceless(无价的,贵重的),

i.proof-防的:

-fireproof,bombproof,waterproof,soundproof

3动词后缀:

-ize,ise做成,变成,⋯⋯化:

modernize,democratize,organize,apologize,realize,criticize,fertilize

-en使成为,引起,使有:

quicken,weaken,soften,harden

-fy使⋯⋯化,使成:

beautify,purify,signify,simplify,satisfy

en-:

使成为,引起,使有:

enlargeenableencourageenjoyenrich④副词后缀:

-ly:

possibly,swiftly,simply

-ward(s):

downward,inwards,upward

-ways:

always,sideways

-wise:

otherwise,clockwise注意:

有的单词有双重后缀,如:

use→useless→uselessness,se→lfselfish→selfishness,carelessness有的单词则是前后缀同时使用,如:

important→importance→unimportance,success→successful→unsuccessful,regular→irregular→irregularityforget→forgettable→unforgettable,necessar→yunnecessary→unnecessarity

2.合成法

(1)合成名词

3.转化法

(1)名词→动词hand(手→传递)charge(费用→收费)flood(洪水→淹没)paint(油漆→刷漆)pin(别针→装订)face(脸→面对)

boyfriend,girlfriend,bus-driver,necklace,playground,radioactive,headmaster,sunshine,notebook,armchair,wheelchair,postcard,football,spaceship,blackboard,firefighter,fireman,gateman,chairman,weatherman,businessman,armyman,postman,sportsman,bedroom,reading-room,classroom,newspaper,pickpocket,she-goat,editor-in-chief,daybreak,handshake,silkworm,outbreak

(2)合成形容词名词+动词过去分词:

man-made,homemade副词+动词过去分词:

well-known,newly-built,narrowly-escape形容词+名词ed:

kind-hearted,cold-blooded数词+名词ed:

five-storeyed,four-legged名词+动词现在分词:

English-speaking,Chinese-speaking,brainwashing由三个词构成的合成形容词:

face-to-face,heart-to-heart,two-year-old,eight-metre-long其他合成形容词:

everyday,faraway,snow-white,lay-off

back(背部,后面→支持,后退)copy(抄本,复印件→抄写,复印)heat(热量→加热)phone(电话→打电话)waste(废物→浪费)use(用途→使用)

interest(兴趣→使兴趣)taste(味道→品尝)break(短暂休息→折断)

(2)形容词→动词clean(干净→使干净,打扫)dirty(脏→弄脏)empty(空的→倒空)slow(慢的→放慢)cool(凉的→冷却)

surprise(惊讶→使惊讶)smell(气味→闻)present(礼物→赠送)

clear(清楚→清理)dry(干燥→烘干,晒干)free(自由→使自由,释放)warm(暖和→使暖和)quiet(安静→使安静)

4.截短法(缩略法)

1)截头telephone→pho,neaeroplane→pla,neomnibus→bus

2)去尾

advertisemen→tad.mathematics→math,sco-operate→c-op,

examination→examkilogram→kilo

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