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Accordingtothelatestresearchinthe'UnitedStatesofAmerica,menandwomentalksuchdifferentlanguagesthatitislikepeoplefromtwodifferentculturestryingtocommunicate.ProfessorDeborahTannenofGeorgetownUniversity,hasnoticedthedifferenceinthestyleofboy'sandgirl'sconversationsfromanearlyage.Shesaysthatlittlegirls'conversationislessdefinitethanboys'andexpressesmoredoubts.Littleboysuseconversationtoestablishstatuswiththeirlisteners.

Thesedifferencescontinueintoadultlife,shesays.Inpublicconversations,mentalkmostandinterruptotherspeakersmore.Inprivateconversations,menandwomenspeakinequalamounts—althoughtheysaythingsinadifferentstyle.ProfessorTannenbelievesthat,forwoman,privatetalkingisawaytoestablishandtestintimacy.Formen,privatetalkingisawaytoexplorethepowerstructureofarelationship.

Teachingisonejobwherethedifferencesbetweenmen'sandwomen'swaysoftalkingshow.Whenamanteachesawoman,saysProfessorTannen,hewantstoshowthathehasmoreknowledge,andhencemorepowerinconversation.Whenawomanteachesanotherwoman,however,sheismorelikelytotakeasharingapproachandtoencourageherstudenttojoinin.ButProfessorTannendoesnotbelievethatwomenarenaturallymorehelpful.Shesayswomenfeeltheyachievepowerbybeingabletohelpothers.Althoughtheresearchsuggestsmentalkandinterruptpeoplemorethanwomen,ProfessorTannensays,womenactuallyencouragethistohappenbecausetheybelieveitwillleadtomoreintimacyandhelptoestablisharelationship.

Somescientistswhoarestudyingspeechthinkthatthebrainispre¬programmedforlanguage.Asweareusuallytaughttospeakbywomen,itseemslikelythatthebrainmusthaveasexualbias（倾向性）initsprogramming,otherwisemalespeechpatternswouldnotariseatall.

1.Intheopinionofthewriter,womenencouragementotalkbecause

A.itwillleadtomoreintimacyandhelptoestablisharelationship

B.itwillhelptoestablishstatuswiththeirlisteners

C.itwillhelptoexpressmoreclearly

D.itwillhelptocommunicatebetter

2.Thereare_______inlittlegirls'conversationthaninboys'.

　　A.fewerdoubtsB.moredemands

　　C.moredoubtsD.feweruncertainties

　　3.Somescientistsbelievethatbrainispre-programmedforlanguage.Theword"preprogrammed"means_______.

A.programmedalreadyB.programmedbeforeoneisborn

　　C.programmedearlyD.programmedbywomen

　　4.Inprivateconversation,womenspeak

　　A.thesamethingsasmenB.lessthanmen

　　C.morethanmenD.asmuchasmen

　　5.Thethemeofthisarticleis_______.

　　A.womenarenaturallymorehelpful

　　B.menandwomentalkdifferentlanguages

　　C.mentalkmostandinterruptotherspeakersmore

　　D.littlegirls'conversationislessdefinite

　　参考答案：

1.A2.C3.B4.D5.B

Inthelasttwohundredyearstherehavebeengreatchangesinthemethodofproductionofgoods.Thisisnowalsotrueofthebuildingindustry;formechanizationhasbeenintroduced.Systembuildingcansavebothtimeandmoney.Theprincipleofsystembuildingisthatthebuildingismadefromasetofstandardunits.Theseareeithermadeatthebuilding-siteoratafactory.Somedesigners,infact,arestandardizingthedimensionsofrooms.Theyaremadeinmultiplesofasinglefixedlength,usuallytencentimeters.Thisiscalledamodular（标准件的）system,anditmeansthatmanufacturescanproducestandardizedfittingsatalowercost.Themostimportantfactaboutsystembuildingisitsspeed.Aten-storeyflat,forexample,canbecompletedinfourmonths.

　　Thereareseveralnewmethodsofsystembuilding.Oneisthepanelmethod.Inthiscase,theconstructioncompanysometimeserectsafactoryonthesite.Thewallsandfloorsofthebuilding,calledpanels,arecastinahorizontalorverticalposition.Conduitsforelectricalwiresandsleevesforpipesarecastinthepanelswhentheyarebeingmade.Themouldsformakingthesecastingsaresituatedallaroundthebuilding.

　　Aftertheconcretepanelsarecast,theyareallowedtosetandhardenforaweek.Nexttheyareliftedbyatowercraneontoanysectionofthebuilding.Therethepanelsarecementedtogetherattheirjointsandthefloorcoveringislaid.

　　Afterthepanelshavebeencementedtogether,thecraneliftsacaseintothearea.Itcontainsallthefittingstobeinstalled,suchaswash-basins,radiatorsandpipes.Finishingtradesmen,suchasplumbers,plasterers,paintersandelectricians,followbehindtocompletethework.

　　Insomebuildingdevelopments,insomecountries,wholeflatswithinternalfeaturesliketheirbathrooms,bedroomsandconnectingstairs,andweighingasmuchastwentytons,arecarriedtothebuilding-siteready-made.Agiantoverheadcraneisusedtoliftthemintoposition.Inthefuture,thismethodmaybecomemorewidespread.

　　1.Themaindifferencebetweenpanelmethodandthemethoddiscussedinthelastparagraphis_______.

　　A.thelatterusesready-madeinternalfeatures

　　B.panelsarecastinalevelposition

　　C.theformerisusedtobuildwallsandfloorswhilethelattertoconstructbathroomsorbedrooms

　　D.theformerismoreexpensivethanthelatter

　　2.WhichofthesestatementsisTRUEofsystembuilding?

　　A.Itemploysmoremen.B.Itisdifficultanddangerous.

　　C.Itcansavebothtimeandmoney.D.Itmeanslessmechanization.

　　3.Accordingtothepassage,theprincipleofsystembuildingisthat_______.

　　A.constructionmethodsaresafer

　　B.buildingsaremadefromasetofstandardizedunits

　　C.similarbuildingscanbeproduced

　　D.allunitsareproducedonthesite

　　4.Theusualfixedlengthinthemodularsystemis_______.

　　A.twentycentimetersB.tenmillimeters

　　C.fiftycentimetersD.tencentimeters

　　5.Whatliftstheconcretepanelsontothebuilding?

　　A.Cranes.B.Man-power.

　　C.Pulleys.D.Hydraulicjacks.

　　参考答案：

1.A2.C3.B4.D5.A

The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson'sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry'sstandardofliving,therefore,dependsfirstandforemostonitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoney,forwedonotliveonmoneybutonthingsthatmoneycanbuy:

"goods"suchasfoodandclothing,and"services"suchastransportandentertainment.

　　Acountry'scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactors,mostofwhichhaveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdependstoagreatextentuponacountry'snaturalresources,suchascoal,gold,andotherminerals,watersupplyandsoon.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandminerals,andhaveafertilesoilandafavorableclimate;otherregionspossessperhapsonlyoneofthesethings,andsomeregionspossessnoneofthem.TheU.S.Aisoneofthewealthiestregionsoftheworldbecauseshehasvastnaturalresourceswithinherborders,hersoilisfertile,andherclimateisvaried.TheSaharaDesert,ontheotherhand,isoneoftheleastwealthy.

　　Nexttonaturalresourcescomestheabilitytoturnthemtouse.ChinaisperhapsaswelloffastheU.S.A.innaturalresources,butsufferedformanyyearsfromcivilandexternalwars,andforthisandotherreasonswas.unabletodevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditions,andfreedomfromforeigninvasion,enableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadily,andtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywellservedbynaturebutlesswellordered.Anotherimportantfactoristhetechnicalefficiencyofacountry'speople.Oldcountriesthathave,throughmanycenturies,trainedupnumerousskilledcraftsmenandtechniciansarebetterplacedtoproducewealththancountrieswhoseworkersarelargelyunskilled.Wealthalsoproduceswealth.Asacountrybecomeswealthier,itspeoplehavealargemarginforsaving,andcanputtheirsavingsintofactoriesandmachineswhichwillhelpworkerstoturnoutmoregoodsintheirworkingday.

　　1.Acountry'swealthdependsupon______.,

　　A.itsstandardofliving

　　B.itsmoney

　　C.itsabilitytoprovidegoodsandservices

　　D.itsabilitytoprovidetransportandentertainment

　　2.Theword"foremost"means______.

　　A.mostimportantlyB.firstly

　　C.largelyD.forthemostpart

　　3.Themainideaofthesecondparagraphisthat______.

　　A.acountry'swealthdependsonmanyfactors

　　B.theU.S.A.isoneofthewealthiestcountriesintheworld

　　C.theSaharaDesertisaverypoorregion

　　D.naturalresourcesareanimportantfactorinthewealthorpovertyofacountry

　　4.Thethirdparagraphmentionssomeoftheadvantageswhichonecountrymayhaveoveranotherinmakinguseofitsresources.Howmanysuchadvantagesarementionedinthisparagraph?

　　A.2B.3

　　C.4D.5

　　参考答案：

1.C2.A3.A4.B

　Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologist（免疫学家）MarkLaudenslager,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldmot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.

　　Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistat