细节题补充讲义.docx

细节题补充讲义.docx

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细节题补充讲义

二、细节题FactualInformationQuestions（题型说明OGP38）

OG细节题分类总结：

P61／1P62／4、7P70／2P71／4P72／8P82／6P83／7、8、10P91／192／2、6P105／8、9P114／5、6P116／9、10P235/2P236／4P244／5P245／7P246／11P251／1P252／5P254／10

●识别：

Accordingtoparagraph,whichofthefollowingistrueofX?

Accordingtoparagraph7,untiltheeighteenthcentury,itwastheprincipalfunctionofwhichofthefollowingto...?

Accordingtoparagraph6,merchantswereabletoavoidtheriskofcarryinglargeamountsofgoldandsilverby

1．解题要点

⑴错误选项分析：

1技巧项：

极端词

例外：

2技巧项：

虚假比较（选项中带有moreorlessthan/betterthan/as…as）

解释：

正确的比较必须满足三个条件：

比较主体在文中能对应上，选项中的比较与文中的比较比的是同一个方面，且比较结果一致

●注意：

有些选项符合正常人推理但原文未提及;

未提及或与原文矛盾的内容位置越靠后干扰程度越大

原文表达但不在不在原文考点区间（考点区间通常为一至两句话），排除出现考点区间外表达的选项

⑵做题步骤

1大定位（定位到某个自然段）：

2小定位（缩小定位区间至）：

当题干中定位词（）为

●扎眼词汇：

专有名词，数字，大写的地名、人名

●注意：

若定位词在大区间内出现不只一次，则先定位在其首次出现之处

Sincearchitecturewasnotyetaspecializedprofessioninthecolonies,thedesignofbuildingswaslefteithertoamateurdesignersortocarpenterswhoundertooktointerpretarchitecturalmanualsimportedfromEngland.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whowasresponsiblefordesigninghousesineighteenthcenturyNorthAmerica?

A.professionalarchitects

B.customers

C.interiordecorators

D.carpenters

Paragraph2:

Makinganefficienticeboxwasnotaseasyaswemightnowsuppose.Intheearlynineteenthcentury,theknowledgeofthephysicsofheat,whichwasessentialtoascienceofrefrigeration,wasrudimentary.Thecommonsensenotionthatthebestice-boxwasonethatpreventedtheicefrommeltingwasofcoursemistaken,foritwasthemeltingoftheicethatperformedthecooling.Nevertheless,earlyeffortstoeconomizeiceincludedwrappingtheiceinblankets,whichkepttheicefromdoingitsjob.Notuntilneartheendofthenineteenthcenturydidinventorsachievethedelicatebalanceofinsulationandcirculationneededforanefficienticebox.

2.Accordingtotheinformationinthesecondparagraph,anidealiceboxwould

A.completelypreventicefrommelting

B.stopairfromcirculating

C.allowicetomeltslowly

D.useblanketstoconserveice

Paragraph7:

Allthisapplies,ofcourse,onlytoanadultleatherback.Hatchlingsaresimplytoosmalltoconservebodyheat,evenwithinsulationandcountercurrentexchangesystems.Wedonotknowhowold,orhowlarge,aleatherbackhastobebeforeitcanswitchfromacold-bloodedtoawarm-bloodedmodeoflife.Leatherbacksreachtheirimmensesizeinamuchshortertimethanittakesotherseaturtlestogrow.Perhapstheirrushtoadulthoodisdrivenbyasimpleneedtokeepwarm.

3.Accordingtoparagraph7,whichofthefollowingstatementsismostaccurateaboutyoungleatherbackturtles?

A.Theylackthecountercurrentexchangesystemsthatdevelopinadulthood.

B.Theirrateofgrowthisslowerthanthatofotherseaturtles.

C.Theyloseheateasilyevenwithinsulationandcountercurrentexchangesystems.

D.Theyswitchbetweencold-bloodedandwarm-bloodedmodesthroughouttheirhatchling

Paragraph1:

TwospeciesofdeerhavebeenprevalentinthePugetSoundareaofWashingtonStateinthePacificNorthwestoftheUnitedStates.Theblack-taileddeer,alowland,west-sidecousinofthemuledeerofeasternWashington,isnowthemostcommon.Theotherspecies,theColumbianwhite-taileddeer,inearliertimeswascommonintheopenprairiecountry,itisnowrestrictedtothelow,marshyislandsandfloodplainsalongthelowerColumbiaRiver.

4.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueof thewhite-taileddeerof PugetSound?

A.Itisnativetolowlandsandmarshes.

B.ItismorecloselyrelatedtothemuledeerofeasternWashingtonthantoothertypesofdeer.

C.Ithasreplacedtheblack-taileddeerintheopenprairie.

D.Itnolongerlivesinaparticulartypeofhabitatthatitonceoccupied.

WaterintheDesert

Paragraph2：

Aridlands,surprisingly,containsomeoftheworld’slargestriversystems,suchastheMurray-DarlinginAustralia,theRioGrandeinNorthAmerica,theIndusinAsia,andtheNileinAfrica.Theseriversandriversystemsareknownas"exogenous"becausetheirsourceslieoutsidethearidzone.Theyarevitalforsustaininglifeinsomeofthedriestpartsoftheworld.Forcenturies,theannualfloodsoftheNile,Tigris,andEuphrates,forexample,hasbroughtfertilesiltsandwatertotheinhabitantsoftheirlowervalleys.Today,riverdischargesareincreasinglycontrolledbyhumanintervention,creatinganeedforinternationalriver-basinagreements.ThefillingoftheAtaturkandotherdamsinTurkeyhasdrasticallyreducedflowsintheEuphrates,withpotentiallyseriousconsequencesforSyriaandIraq.

5.Accordingtoparagraph2.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheNileRiver?

A.TheNile'sflowinitsdesertsectionsisatitslowestduringthedryseason.

B.TheNile'ssourcesarelocatedinoneofthemostaridzonesoftheworld.

C.TheNile'sannualfloodsbringfertilesiltsandwatertoitslowervalley.

D.TheNile'speriodicfloodinghindersthegrowthofsomecrops.

Althoughthefossilrecord,asalways,isnotcompleteenoughtodeterminedefinitivelytheevolutionarylineageofthebirdsorinasmuchdetailasonewouldlike,itisbetterinthiscasethanformanyotheranimalgroups.ThatisbecauseoftheunusualpreservationinalimestonequarryinsouthernGermanyofArchaeopteryx,afossilthatmanyhavecalledthelinkbetweendinosaursandbirds.Indeed,haditnotbeenforthesuperbpreservationofthesefossils,theymightwellhavebeenclassifiedasdinosaurs.Theyhavetheskullandteethofareptileaswellasabonytail,butintheline-grainedlimestoneinwhichthesefossilsoccurtherearedelicateimpressionsoffeathersandfinedetailsofbonestructurethatmakeitclearthatArchaeopteryxwasabird.Allbirdslivingtoday,fromthegreatcondorsoftheAndestothetiniestwrens,tracetheiroriginbacktotheMesozoicdinosaurs.

6.WhatisthesignificanceofthediscoverythatwasmadeinsouthernGermany?

A.Itisthoughttodemonstratethatbirdsevolvedfromdinosaurs.

B.ItisproofthattheclimateandsoilsofEuropehavechangedovertime.

C.Itsuggeststhatdinosaursweredominantinareasrichinlimestone.

D.ItsupportsthetheorythatArchaeopteryxwasapowerfuldinosaur.

Paragraph1:

Theearliestdiscoveredtracesofartarebeadsandcarvings,andthenpaintings,fromsitesdatingbacktotheUpperPaleolithicperiod.Wemightexpectthatearlyartisticeffortswouldbecrude,butthecavepaintingsofSpainandsouthernFranceshowamarkeddegreeofskill.Sodothenaturalisticpaintingsonslabs，ofstoneexcavatedinsouthernAfrica.Someofthoseslabsappeartohavebeenpaintedasmuchas28,000yearsago,whichsuggeststhatpaintinginAfricaisasoldaspaintinginEurope.Butpaintingmaybeevenorderthanthat.TheearlyAustraliansmayhavepaintedonthewallsofrocksheltersandclifffacesatleast30,000yearsago,andmaybeasmuchas60,000yearsago.

7.Paragraph1supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutpaintinginEurope?

A.ItismucholderthanpaintinginAustralia.

B.Itisasmuchas28,000yearsold.

C.ItisnotasoldaspaintinginsouthernAfrica.

D.Itismuchmorethan30,000yearsold.

Paragraph1：

Paleontologistshavearguedforalongtimethatthedemiseofthedinosaurswascausedbyclimaticalterationsassociatedwithslowchangesinthepositionsofcontinentsandseasresultingfromplatetectonics.OffandonthroughouttheCretaceous（thelastperiodoftheMesozoicera,duringwhichdinosaursflourished）,largeshallowseascoveredextensiveareasofthecontinents.Datafromdiversesources,includinggeochemicalevidencepreservedinseafloorsediments,indicatethattheLateCretaceousclimatewasmilderthantoday’s.Thedayswerenottoohot,northenightstoocold.Thesummerswerenottoowarm,northewinterstoofrigid.Theshallowseasonthecontinentsprobablybufferedthetemperatureofthenearbyair,keepingitrelativelyconstant.

8.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheLateCretaceousclimate?

A.Summerswereverywarmandwinterswereverycold.

B.Shallowseasonthecontinentscausedfrequenttemperaturechanges.

C.Theclimatewasverysimilartotoday’sclimate.

D.Theclimatedidnotchangedramaticallyfromseasontoseason.

Geologicaltime

新生代

中生代

白垩纪

侏罗纪

三叠纪

古生代

寒武纪

●板块构造学说：

PlatetectonicsisascientifictheorywhichdescribesthelargescalemotionsofEarth'slithosphere.Thetheorybuildsontheolderconceptsofcontinentaldriftandseafloorspreading.Thelithosphereisbrokenupintowhatarecalledtectonicplates.InthecaseofEarth,therearecurrentlyseventoeightmajor（dependingonhowtheyaredefined）andmanyminorplates.Thelithosphericplatesrideontheasthenosphere（岩流圈，软流圈）.Theseplatesmoveinrelationtooneanotheratoneofthreetypesofplateboundaries:

convergent（）,orcollisionalboundaries;divergent（）boundaries,alsocalledspreadingcenters;andtransform（错动型）boundaries.Earthquakes,volcanicactivity,mountain-buildingandoceanictrenchformationoccuralongplateboundaries.

Paragraph4:

Otherdimensionsalongwhichthetwogroupsdiffermarkedlyaredensityandcomposition.Thedensitiesoftheterrestrialplanetsaverageabout5timesthedensityofwater,whereastheJovianplanetshavedensitiesthataverageonly1.5timesthedensityofwater.Oneoftheouterplanets,Saturn,hasadensityofonly0.7thatofwater,whichmeansthatSaturnwouldfloatinwater.Variationsinthecompositionoftheplanetsarelargelyresponsibleforthedensitydiff