跨境电子商务物流供应链外文翻译文献.docx

跨境电子商务物流供应链外文翻译文献.docx

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跨境电子商务物流供应链外文翻译文献

文献信息：

文献标题：

SupplyChainsofCross-Bordere-Commerce（跨境电子商务供应链）

国外作者：

ArkadiuszKawa

文献出处：

《AdvancedTopicsinIntelligentInformationandDatabaseSystems》,2017.173-183

字数统计：

英文3507单词，18322字符；中文5561汉字

外文文献：

SupplyChainsofCross-Bordere-Commerce

AbstractAfeatureofe-commerceisworldwidecoverage.Almostanypersonorcompanycanbeacustomerofanonlineshop.However,thiscommonavailabilityisinpracticequiteapparent.Despitethedynamicdevelopmentofe-commerce,communicationinotherlanguages,theformofpayment,currency,legalandtaxconditions,aswellasthedeliveryofproductsremainbarrierstothefreecross-borderflow.Thearticlefocusesonthelastfactormentionedabove.Thelackofdeliveryofgoodstoadistantplaceorarelativelylongtimeandhighcostofprovidingthepurchasedproducthindersfurtherdevelopmentofe-commerce.Thisproblemcanbesolvedbyintroducinganintermediarythatconsolidatesshipmentsfrommanyretailersanddeliversthemtomanyclientsscatteredindifferentcornersoftheworld.

Themaincontributionofthisarticleistodevelopamodelfacilitatingcooperationbetweenonlineshopsdealingwithcross-bordertrade.ThepurposeoftheideaistoreducecostsandacceleratethedeliveryofgoodsorderedabroadviatheInternet.

Keywords:

e-commerce,cross-border,supplychain,CEP（courier,expressandpostal）industry

1.Introduction

TherapiddevelopmentoftheInternet,andthusalsoe-commerce,hascreatednewdistributionchannelsformanytrading,serviceandmanufacturingcompanies.AccordingtotheEuropeanCommission,e-commerceisoneofthemainfactorsleadingtobetterprosperityandcompetitivenessofEurope.Ithassignificantpotentialthatmaycontributetoeconomicgrowthandemployment.Itisexpectedthatitsfurtherdevelopmentwillhavefar-reachingeffects,perhapsevenexceedingthechangesthatconcernedtradeoverthepastseveraldecades.Physicalpresencewhileshoppingisbecominglessandlessimportant.Customersbuyproducts,placingorderselectronically,andthepurchasedgoodsaredeliveredtotheirworkplaces,homes,click&collectpointsandparcellockers.Placingorderinginthiswayreplacesthetriptoastore,andthedeliveryoftheconsignmenteliminatesthewaybackwiththepurchasedgoods.

Incontrastwithtraditionaltrade,onlineshoppingisinseparablyassociatedwiththedeliverytothefinalcustomer（so-calledlastmile）,i.e.themostcomplicatedandcostlyprocessinthewholesupplychain.Internetretailbusinessescarryoutaverylargenumberofsmallorders.Unfortunately,therearedelaysindeliveriesaboutwhichbuyersarenotinformedatall.Customersoftendonothavetoomuchinfluenceonthechoiceofthecompanythatwilldeliverthegoods,either.ThedeliveryofthegoodsismostfrequentlyperformedbyCEP（courier,expressandpostal）companies.

Additionally,moreandmoreattentionhasrecentlybeenpaidtoexpandingbusinessactivitiesbeyondthebordersofasinglecountry.Sellerslookfornewbuyersabroad,whilecustomerswanttohaveagreaterchoiceofsuppliers.Atrendine-commercearises,then,whichisdefinedascross-bordertrade.ItisparticularlyevidentinthecountriesoftheEuropeanUnion.Itisbasedonsellingproductstocustomerswhoarelocatedinanothercountry.However,itisrelatedtoseveralproblems,suchasahighcostandlongdeliverytime,languagebarriers,differentlegalregulationsandtaxes,etc.Thehighcostandlongdeliverytimeare,inturn,associatedwiththeaforementionedproblemofthelastmile,butalsowiththeproblemoftherelativelysmallflowofgoodsbetweencountrieswhichisrealizedbyasingleCEPoperator.Sotheeconomiesofscaledonottakeplaceyet.

Therefore,thereisarealneedtooffere-commercetoretailersandto,indirectly,recommendcomprehensiveservicestotheircustomers,whichwouldinclude,ontheonehand,logisticsservicesinEurope,and,ontheotherhand,fullinformationonthequalityoftheservice.

Theaimofthisarticleistodevelopamodelofanintermediaryfacilitatingcooperationbetweenonlineshopsdealingwithcross-bordertrade.ThismodelisexpectedtocontributetocostreductionandaccelerationofthedeliveryofgoodsorderedabroadviatheInternet.

Thestructureofthearticleisasfollows.Section2describestheelectroniccross-bordertradeinEurope.Section3presentslogisticalproblemsine-commerce.Section4proposestheabove-mentionedmodel.Section5summarizesthearticleandpointstofuturedirectionsoftheresearch.

2.Cross-bordere-commerceinEurope

Currently,e-commercecanbedividedintoseveraltrendsinthefieldoflogistics,whichwilldeterminefurtherdevelopmentoftheCEPindustry.Theseare:

reverselogistics,same-daydelivery,developmentofnewmodelsofcooperationinlogistics（dropshipping,fulfillment,one-stope-commerce）,brokerservicesandcross-bordertransport.Thisarticlefocusesonthelattertrend.

Cross-bordere-commercestillhasarelativelysmallshareinthewholemarketofe-commerce.In2014,approx.15%oftheEUinhabitantsmadeapurchasefromsellersfromadifferentcountry.Thisrepresentsanincreaseintheshareofthistypeoftradeby25%comparedtothepreviousyear.Noteverywhere,however,iscross-bordere-commerceequallydeveloped.Forexample,in2014only4%ofPolesmadeapurchaseontheInternetfromasellerlocatedinanothercountry,whichplacedPolandonthepenultimateplaceintheEuropeanUnion.MostforeignshoppingisdonebyLuxembourgers（65%）andAustrians（40%）,andtheleastbyRomanians（1%）.TheEUaverageis15%.

Thetotalvalueofthecommoditycirculationine-commercewithinindividualcountriesandamongtheEUMemberStatesisestimatedatabout€241bn.Ofthisamount,€197bn（80%）aretradedondomesticmarkets.Onlyabout€44bn（18%）crossthebordersbetweentheEUMemberStates,andanother€6bn（2%）comefromimportfromcountriesoutsidetheEU.

Itcanbeseenfromthesedatathatthepotentialofelectroniccross-bordertradewithintheEUstillremainsunexploited.Only8%ofcompaniesareinvolvedincross-borderselling.Managersoftheseenterprisesarguethatitistoocomplicatedandtooexpensive.Aspartoftheeffortstounleashthepotentialofe-commerce,theEuropeanCommissionhasadoptedapackageofproposalstostoptheunjustifiedgeo-blocking,increasethetransparencyofpackagedeliveryprices,andimprovetheenforcementofconsumerrights.

3.Logisticsproblemsofcross-bordere-commerce

Thelogisticsofproductsofferedbyonlinestoresisoneofthebasicfactorsinfluencingtheconsumer'sdecisionaboutmakingpurchasesinthem.DeliveriesandproductreturnsareoneofthemostimportantissuesforbothonlineshoppersandonlinestoresintheEU.TheEuropeanCommissionindicatesthattheproblemliesinparticularincross-borderdeliveriesofpackagesrealizedfortheneedsofsmallandmediumenterprisesandthosesenttothelessdevelopedandlessaccessibleregions.Therefore,itputsalotofeffortintoincreasingtheavailabilityofe-commerceforallEUcitizensandbusinesses,regardlessoftheirsizeandlocation.

AnotherproblemistherelativelylittleaccesstoinformationabouttheCEPmarket,inparticularabouttheavailableservices,operatorsandprices.Manycustomersknowonlycertainoperatorswhoseservicestheycoulduse.Inthecaseofcross-bordertransport,theycanchoosebetweenaninternationalcourierserviceoracommonserviceprovider,sothepostaloperator.Thismakesitdifficultfornewentrantstogainmarketshareandreducesthecompetitivepressureontheexistingoperators,whichinturnlimitstheincentivestoimprovetheservicequalityandleadstohigherprices.

Currently,onlinestoressellingtheirproductsabroadincuraveryhighcostofshipping-dependingonthecountryitisupto5timeshigherthanthecostofaconsignmentrealizedwithinthecountry.Thelowerpriceoftheproductsolddoesnotoftencompensateforthecostofdelivery,whichdiscouragesbuyersfromabroad.Itisoneofthegreatestbarrierstothedevelopmentofcross-bordertradeconductedviatheInternet.Consumersandsmallenterprisesclaimthattheproblemswiththedelivery,inparticularthehighprices,preventthemfromincreasingthesalesorpurchasesinotherMemberStates.Foreignexchangeine-commercecouldbecompletelydifferentifthesecostsweresignificantlyreduced.

Apartfromthecostofdelivery,anotherbarriertothedevelopmentofcross-bordere-commerceisthedeliverytime.Itresultsmainlyfromthedistancebetweenthevendorandthecustomer.Inmostcases（mainlyoutsidetheborderregions）itwillbemuchgreaterthaninthecaseofdomesticshipments.Ininternationaltrade,shipmentsoftenhavetoundergoadditionaloperations,gothroughagreaternumberofhubsandbranches,whichfurtherprolongsthetimeofdelivery.

OperatingactivitiesofCEPcompaniesarebasedonthehubandspokeconcept.Itisasystemusedforthedistributionofsmallsizeorweightloads.Incontrasttodirectdeliveries,hubsareusedthatconnecttheindividualplaceswhereshipmentsarepostedandreceived.Thehubandspoke（H&S）conceptminimizesstoragecostsandreducestheindividualcostsoftransportation.Althoughasingleconsignmentistransportedoveralongdistance,thetotaldistanceforallshipmentscountedseparatelyisshorterthaninthecaseofdirectdeliveries.Thissolutionworksverywellforalargenumberofitemsthatarepostedandreceivedinmultiplelocations.Anexampleisdistributionwithinacountrywheremostlargecitiesareconnectedwithoneanotherbymeansofoneormorehubs.Fig.1il