快乐学习高考英语语法内部资料.docx
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快乐学习高考英语语法内部资料
目录
1.定语从句
2.名词性从句
3.状语从句(连词)
4.动词时态与语态
5.非谓语
6.情态动词
7.虚拟语气
8.倒装句
9.强调句及it的用法
1.定语从句
考点:
关系代词与关系副词的区别;介词+关系代词
知识点梳理
(一)、基本概念
1.先行词
2.引导词
3.限制性和非限制性定语从句
(二)、定语从句的引导词及其用法
1.关系代词
1)that,which,who,whom,whose,as
2)只能用that和只能用which的情况
3)which和as在非限制性定语从句中的区别
2.关系副词
when,where,why
3.介词+关系代词
1)介词后关系代词不可省略
2)当状语时相当于关系副词
4.如何选择引导词
关系代词和关系副词的区分
5.特殊情况
1)theway的特殊用法
2)从句缺少先行词(theone)
3)先行词被oneof和theoneof修饰时从句谓语的单复数情况
4)定语从句主谓一致问题
(三)、定语从句和同位语从句的区别;定语从句和强调句
★只能用which的情况
(1)介词+which
(2)非限制性定语从句
★只能用that的情况
(1)先行词为不定代词(all,something,anything,little,much,none等)
(2)两个the:
先行词为序数词和最高级
(3)人和物同时做先行词时
(4)先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等修饰时
★as引导的定语从句
1,As主要用于such….as,as…as;thesameas…;suchas…等结构中。
2,as引导非限制性的定语从句,修饰前面整个句子,常用于beknown(expected,announced,reported,shown)等结构中
★关系代词which和as在非限制性定语从句中的区别:
1)as作关系代词,代指整个主句;而which在非限制性定语从句中既可以修饰整个主句,又可以修饰主句的一部分。
2)which不能放在句首,而as则可以。
3)as有“正如、就像”之意,而which则没有。
“介词+关系代词(which,whom,whose)”
关系代词前的介词使用时根据与名词前面的动词搭配关系和介词的搭配关系及句子结构上的需要而定。
【拓展延伸】“介词+关系代词”的常见结构:
1)介词+which/whom
Thisisthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.
Theyarrivedatasmallhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.
2)名词+of+which/whom
Pleasepassmethebookthecoverofwhichisblue.
3)数词+of+which/whom
Inourschoolthereareabout200teachers,thirtypercentofwhomarewomen.
4)代词+of+which/whom
InthebasketIfindmanyapples,someofwhich=ofwhichsomehavegonebad.
5)最高级+of+which/whom
Chinahasthousandsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.
6)介词+which+名词
Heusuallyreturnshomeat10:
00,atwhichhourhisfatherlocksallthedoorsandwindows.
规律总结:
定语从句一般考连接词,一般分三步完成。
1、判断定语从句的先行词和理解从句意思。
2、看从句是否完整,完整一定用关系副词。
3、不完整的……
★几个特殊句子
1.way的特殊用法
Thewaythat/inwhich/不填heexplainedthesentencetouswasnotdifficulttounderstand.
2.*Isthisschooltheone(that)wevisitedthatyear?
Istheschooltheone(that)wevisitedthatyear?
Isthistheschoolthat/whichwevisitedthatyear?
3.*Heisoneofthestudentswhoarefromthesouth.
Heistheonlyoneofthestudents(theonlystudent)whoisfromthesouth.
4.*Anyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished.
Thosewhobreakthelawshouldbepunished.
5.I,whoamyourfriend,willleaveforBeijingtomorrow.
★Itisonlywithafewsupplies_____sheboughtinthevillage____shecookedthedeliciousfood.
A.that;whichB.that;thatC.which;whereD.which;which
2.名词性从句
考点:
引导词:
①that/what(whatever)
②whether/if
③how/which/when/why/where/who/whom/whoever/whichever/whenever/wherever等
一、宾语从句
*宾语从句应注意以下三要素:
引导词语序时态
一、引导词
1.★注意以下几点:
1)从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省略。
Ithink(that)sheisworkingveryhardandthatshewillsurelygotoaverygooduniversity.
2)在demand,order,suggest,decide,insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+动词原形”。
3)动词+it+形容词或惯用搭配+that从句经常用在hate,enjoy,like,love,appreciate,make,find,consider,feel之后(it作形式宾语)
Wemustmakeitclearthatanyonewhobreaksthelawwillbepunished.
2、由whether或if引导的宾语从句
★作“是否”时,只用whether不用if的情况:
1)用作介词的宾语、在不定式前面
①ItdependsonwhetherIhaveenoughtime.
②Idon’tknowwhethertogoornot.
2)与ornot连用
Idon’tknowwhetherornottheywillcome.
二、宾语从句的语序:
宾语从句用陈述句语序
三、宾语从句的时态
①主句的谓语动词如果是一般现在时,从句的时态不受限制;
②主句的谓语动词如果是过去时态,则宾语从句的时态要按照时态呼应规则进行相应的调整,也就是说要使用过去范畴的某一时态(一般过去时;过去进行时;过去完成时;过去将来时)
★注意:
但当宾语从句是指客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象时,则只能用一般现在时。
①Hesaidthathehadlefthisumbrellainthelibrary.
③TheteachertoldthestudentsthatthePacificOceanisthelargestoceanintheworld.
特殊形式宾语从句
1.I’dappreciate_____ifyouwouldturntheradiodown.
AthatBitCthisDyou
2.Ilike_______intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.
AthisBthatCitDone
3.——Wehaven’theardfromJaneforalongtime.
——Whatdoyouconsider_______toher?
A.washappeningB.tohappenC.hashappenedD.happening
二,表语从句
种类
关联词
例句
说明
表
连词
that
whether
asif
Theproblemis(that)theycan’tgethereearlyenough.
Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.
Thequestionremainswhethertheywillbeabletohelpus.
结构:
主语+(系动词)+引导词+简单句
系动词有:
be(is,am,are,was,were),keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,seem,appear,look
语
从
句
连接代词
who
what
which
That’sjustwhatIwant.
Thequestioniswho(whichofyou)willbethenextspeaker.
连接副词
when
where
why
how
Thisiswhereourproblemlies.
Thatiswhyhedidn’tcometothemeeting.
注:
1表语从句不能用if引导
2使用虚拟语气的表语从句
在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句,谓语动词需用"should+动词原形"表示,should可省略。
常见的词有:
advice,suggestion,order,proposal,plan,idea等。
3主语是reason时,表语要用that引导而不是because.
①Thereason_______hewaslatewashemissedthetrainthismorning.
A.which;becauseB.that;thatC.why;thatD.why;because
★②Thereason______hegaveforhisbeinglateis_______hewasoversleep.
A.which;thatB.that;becauseC.why;thatD.why;because
三,主语从句
种类
关联词
例句
说明
连
that
Thathewillcomeandhelpyouiscertain.
that在句首不可省去
词
whether
Whetherthereislifeonthemoonisaninterestingquestion.
主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。
连接代词
who
what
which
whatever
whoever
①Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.
②Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.
连接副词
when
where
why
how
①WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenannounced.
②Whenwestarttheworkisanimportantquestion.
Itisknowntoushowhebecameawriter.
“it”来作形式主语。
★Theteacherwillgivethisopportunityto______hethinksisclever,energeticandhard-working.
A.nomatterwhoB.whomeverC.whoeverD.nomatterwhom
注:
以it作形式主语,把主语从句后置的常用的句型有:
(1)It+be+形容词+that从句。
此处形容词有obvious(明显的),true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible(可能性最小),likely(其次可能),probable(最可能),certain等
Itislikelythathewillcometoseemetomorrow.
(2)It+be+名词词组+that从句
此句型常用的名词主要有,anhonour荣誉,agoodthing,apity,nosurprise等
Itisapitythatsuchathing(should)happeninyourclass.
(3)It+be+过去分词+that从句
此句型常用的过去分词said,known,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced宣布,arranged安排,hoped,believed,suggested等
It’ssaidthatTomhascomebackfromabroad.据说汤姆从外国回来了。
Itissuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff。
建议会议推迟举行。
(4)Itseems/happened/turnedout/appears/occurred+that
Itseemsthatheenjoyspopsongsverymuch.看来他非常喜欢流行歌曲。
IthappenedthatIwentoutthatday.碰巧我那天外出了
It用法
1.Iwasfreethatevening
A.IthappenedtoB.Ithappenedthat
C.ThathappenedD.Itwashappenedthat
2.inthenewspaperthattheJapaneseMinisterwillarrivenextMonday.
A.ItsaysB.ItissaidC.IthassaidD.Heissaid
3._____isknowntousallisthatthe2008OlympicGameswilltakeplaceinBeijing.(08福建)
A.ItB.WhatC.AsD.Which
4._____isourbeliefthatimprovementsinhealthcarewillleadtoastronger,moreprosperouseconomy.
A.AsB.ThatC.ThisD.It
5.______intheregulationsthatyoushouldnottellotherpeoplethepasswordofyoure-mailaccount.
A.WhatisrequiredB.Whatrequires
C.ItisrequiredD.Itrequires
四,同位语从句:
同位语从句一般跟在名词后,起进一步说明该名词的具体内容的作用
种类
关联词
例句
说明
同
位
语
从
句
由连词that,whether引导,不担任成分;
也可由who,
what,which,why,when,how,where等引导。
Thenewsthathehadlandedonthemoonspreadallovertheworld.他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。
Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.我不知道他什么时候回来。
ThethoughtcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill.他想到可能玛丽生病了。
Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreestoitornot.他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容,常用的名词如:
ability,patience,anxiety,answer,order,report,wish,decision,suggestion,belief,doubt,fact,hope,message,news,promise,question,reply,order,fear,word,proof,belief,story,reason等。
连词that一般不可省略
注意:
1表达“是否”时,用whether而不用if.
如果同位语从句说明的名词advice,suggestion,proposal建议,demand,request,requirement要求,decision,order命令,recommendation劝告等时,同位语从句中的谓语常用“should+do”结构,should可以省略。
③doubt(怀疑)后面的同位语要用whether引导
nodoubt(不用怀疑)后面的同位语要用that引导。
比如:
Ihavesomedoubtwhethertheycancompletethetaskontime.
Thereisnodoubtthatpricesofcarswillgodown.
★同位语从句与that引导的定语从句
判断方法:
同位语从句与名词之间在逻辑上是“主语+be+表语”的关系,可以在名词从句之间加系动词be,使之构成一个新句子。
Thefactory(that)wevisitedyesterdayisachemicalone.
ThenewsthathewillleaveforShanghaiistrue.
What的用法
★what在名词性从句中必须充当成分,做主语,宾语,表语,或定语
1.____mattersmostinlearningEnglishisenoughpractice.
A.WhatB.WhyC.WhereD.Which
2.Asanewgraduate,hedoesn’tknow_____ittakestostartabusiness.
A.thatB.whatC.whichD.how
3.Chinaisbecomingstrongerandstronger.Itisnolonger_________.
A.whatitusedtobeB.whatitwasusedtobeing
C.whatitusedtobeingD.whatitwasusedtobe
4.Nooneknows______sideeffectthemedicinewillbringaboutalthoughthousandsofpeoplehavetakenit.
A.whoseB.whatC.thatD.which
也可以:
1.表示“……的东西/事物”,相当于thethingthat…有时what或由allthat替代。
2.表示“……的地方”,相当于theplacethat…。
3.表示“……的数目”,相当于theamount/numberthat…。
4.其它,根据语境处理。
1.______hereferredtoinhisarticlewasunknowntothegeneralreader.[2007上海卷]
A.ThatB.WhatC.WhetherD.Where
2.Itisnoneofyourbusinessotherpeoplethinkaboutyou.Believeyourself.[2007福建卷]
A.howB.whatC.whichD.when
3.parentssayanddohasalife-longeffectontheirchildren.[2007陕西卷]
A.ThatB.WhichC.WhatD.As
4.Theenergyis________makesthecellsabletodotheirwork.
A.thatB.whichC.whatD.such
5.Americawas__________wasfirstcalled“India”byColumbus.
A.whatB.whereC.theplaceD.therewhere
6.________hereallymeansis________he