托福TPO35听力文本+答案解析.docx

托福TPO35听力文本+答案解析.docx

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托福TPO35听力文本+答案解析

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　　Conversation1

　　Narrator:

Listentoaconversationbetweenastudentandafacultyadvisor

　　fortheuniversitynewspaper.

　　Student:

Hi,Iamsorrytobotheryou,but…Facultyadvisor:

Yes?

　　Student:

Thisisaboutthenewspaper.

　　FacultyAdvisor:

Oh,Ok.Well.Iamonlytheadvisor;thenewspaperoffice

　　isoffcampusonPineStreet.Eh…whatwasit?

Didyouwanttoworkforthe

　　paper?

Wearealwayslookingforwriters.Student:

Well,myproblemwaswiththe

　　writingactually,withanarticlethatwaspublishedinyesterday’s

　　newspaper.

　　FacultyAdvisor:

Oh?

Whichone?

　　Student:

TheoneaboutthestudentgovernmentanditspresidentSally

　　Smith.

　　FacultyAdvisor:

Isthissomethingtodowithwhattheeditorwroteabout

　　thestatue?

Eh,thestatueatthemainentranceoftheuniversity?

　　Student:

Well,that’spartofit.Butyouknow,theeditorusedthe

　　situationtosaysomereallyunfairthings,aboutthestudentgovernment,and

　　thepresidentSallySmithinparticular.Ithinkthepapershouldpublisha

　　retraction,orattheveryleastanapologytoSally.

　　FacultyAdvisor:

Ok.Um…ifIremembercorrectly,whatyouarereferringto

　　wasn’tanewsstory,butaneditorial,right?

Eh,itwasontheopinionpage,it

　　wassignedbyoneoftheeditors,andwasclearlylabeledascommentary.

　　Student:

Well,yes.Butthethingaboutthestatue,Sallymadethissimple

　　commentthatwasinreallybadconditionandshouldbereplaced.And,well,the

　　toneintheeditorialwasdemeaning.Itaccusedherofnotrespectingthepast

　　andithadsomepersonalstuffthatseemedunnecessary.FacultyAdvisor:

Waita

　　minute.Remindme.

　　Student:

Well,youknow,itimpliedthatSallydoesn’tknowmuchaboutthe

　　university’shistoryanditcalledherabigcitypoliticianbecauseshe’sfrom

　　Boston.It’sjustmean-spirited,isn’tit?

FacultyAdvisor:

Haven’tyouheard

　　thesaying“allpublicityisgoodpublicity”?

Student:

Well…

　　FacultyAdvisor:

I’dsaythearticleisbringingattentiontothestudent

　　governmentorganization,whichisprettyinvisible.Eh,yourarelyhearabout

　　whatthestudentgovernmentisdoing.Student:

Butthisarticle…

　　FacultyAdvisor:

Andthepiece,well,yeah,ithadabitofanexaggerated

　　tone.Itwassatirical,oratleastitwasmeanttobe.Itwasn’tjustpoking

　　funatSally,butthewholeideathatourschoolissortofrural,andyouknow,

　　notcosmopolitan.

　　Student:

Well,noneofusthoughtitwasveryfunny.

　　FacultyAdvisor:

Well,sometimesit’sbestjusttorollwithit.Itisjust

　　acliché;everybodyknowsitisnottrue.

　　Student:

ButIthoughtwecouldexpectbetterthanthathere.

　　FacultyAdvisor:

Well,Iamcertainlyinfavorofgettingavarietyof

　　viewpoints.[sowhydon’tyougotalktotheeditor,JenniferHamilton,andtell

　　heryouwantequaltime?

YouorSallycouldwritearesponse.]

　　Student:

[Really?

Shewouldletusdothat?

]Didn’tshewriteit?

　　FacultyAdvisor:

I’llletJenniferknowyouarecoming,shefeelsthesame

　　wayIdo.Sheisjournalismmajor.Shewouldbehappytopublishanotherpoint

　　ofview.

　　1.4，原文说到她来是aboutthenewspaper，说theeditorusedthesituationtosaysome

　　reallyunfairthings,aboutthestudentgovernment,andthepresidentSally

　　Smith，可见她来的目的是complain

　　2.1、3，男的说这篇文章表明是commentary，且是satirical的，所以选personal

　　viewpoint和humorous

　　3.2，女生说到文章对SallySmith的评价是mean-spirited的，所以选notrespectful4.3，男的说这篇文章

　　isbringingattentiontothestudentgovernmentorganization,whichispretty

　　invisible，可见这篇文章旨在引起大众对于governmentorganization的关注5.

　　4，女生很不相信地问really，可见她并不是convinced

　　Lecture1

　　UnitedStateshaswhat’scalledaFederalgovernment.Inthefederalsystem

　　ofgovernment,thepowertomakelawsandregulationsisdividedbetweena

　　nationalgovernmentandsmallerpoliticalunits-states,inthiscase.There

　　aretwoviewsofhowthosepowersinteractwithoneanother.Oneviewiscalled

　　dualfederalism.Dualfederalismsaysthatthenationalandstategovernments

　　bothhaveclearlydefinedpowers,thoughthegovernments’powerisquite

　　limited.Theotherperspective,iscooperativefederalism.Cooperative

　　federalism,assertsthatthenationalgovernment’spoweroverthestateisnot

　　soclearlylimited.Infact,itisnotclearlydefined.Akindnationaland

　　stategovernmentsworktogethercooperatively.Butthenationalgovernmentcan’t

　　alsoimposeitspoweroverthestates.Onecompetingpointofview,afterall,

　　theUnitedStatesConstitutionstillvowsthepowerofthenationalgovernment.

　　Buttheconstitutionsarerelativelyshortdocuments,alotofituntil

　　interpretation.Infact,thosewhowroteitwantitthatway.Toalotof

　　flexibility,theyareactuallypassiveintheconstitutionthatcansupport

　　eitherviewoffederalism.So,fromtimetotime,thereareclashesbetweendual

　　andcooperativeapplicationsoffederalism.Andwhenthathappens,theUnited

　　StatesSupremeCourt,thecountry’shighestcourts,decidestohavethepowerin

　　thegivensituation,thestategovernments,orthenationalgovernment,andthe

　　decisionsmadebytheSupremeCourtsarebindingontheentirenation,

　　throughoutmuchofUShistory,untilthe20thofcentury,SupremeCourt

　　decisionsgenerallyfavordualfederalism,decidingthatthenationalgovernment

　　shouldnotinfringeonstates’power.ButtherewereafewearlySupremeCourts’

　　decisionsthatdidfavornationalpower.Onesuchcase,wastheMcCulloch.V.

　　Marylandin1819.McCulloch.V.Marylandaddressedthequestionofwhetherthe

　　nationalgovernmenthadpowertoestablishabank.TheSupremeCourtsaidyes,

　　itcouldestablishabank,anationalinstitution,thecourtwrotetherulethat

　　thisnationalbankcouldnotbecutbythestatesinwhichitwaslocated.This

　　decisionsupportedthecooperativefederatedfield.Anothersignificantearly

　　casefavoringcooperativefederalismGibbons.V.Ogdenwasdecidedin1824.In

　　Gibbons.V.Ogden,thestateofNewYork,wantedtogiveonesteamboatcompany,

　　theexclusiverighttoferrypassengersacrosstheriverbetweenNewYorkand

　　theneighboringstateofNewJersey.TheSupremeCourtruledthatNewYorkcould

　　notmakedecisionsaffectingintoanotherstatethatbusinessesthataffecttwo

　　statescameunderthepowerofthenationalgovernment.Soagain,aSupreme

　　Courtrulingfavorednationalpower,butthesecaseswerereallyexceptions.We

　　wouldn’tseeanoverallshifttowardscooperativefederalismuntilthe1930s.To

　　explainthetimingoftheshift,let’sconsidertheeconomyofthattime.Inthe

　　decadeleadinguptothe1930s,theUSeconomybecameincreasingly

　　interdependent.WhatdoImeanbythat?

Well,thereweremajorpopulationshifts

　　fromruralfarmingareastocities,wherefactorieswerespringingup.Sorather

　　thangrowingtheirownfood,peopleboughtitatgrocerystores.___reliedon

　　distantfarmstothefoodtheysold,thosefarms,whichmightbeinadifferent

　　state,wereusingequipmentmadeinfactoriesinthatanotherstate.Thatisone

　　exampleofeconomicinterdependence.Everyoneplayedapartinanexpending,

　　economic

　　network.In1929,astockmarketcrashedsensemassiveeconomyinto

　　depression,knownasthegreatdepression.Theneweconomicinterdependence

　　meansthatthepricesinonesectoroftheeconomy,thefinanceinthestreet

　　ripplethroughtheentireeconomy.Unemploymentbecamewidespread.Nowhelping

　　theunemployedandother____hadalwaysbeenaresponsibilityofstate

　　government.Butsuddenly,thosegovernmentsnolongerhadtheresourcestohelp,

　　sotheSupremeCourtbeganasupportinglawthatgavethenationalgovernment

　　morepower.Forexample,in1935,anationallawgavetheemployeesallstages

　　therighttobargaincollectively,indisputebetweenlaborandmanagement.In

　　thepast,thehighcourtsaidthatsuchlawsthatinferenceontherightof

　　statestoregulatebusinesses,butnowtheythoughtdifferently.Thiscramthe

　　wayfromdualfederalismandcooperativefederalismhascontinued.Butadynamic

　　tensionbetweenthetwoalsocontinues.Andthistension,thestrugglebetween

　　opposingviewsisactuallyuseful.Becauseitpreventseitherthenational

　　governmentorstategovernmentsfromgainingtoomuchpower.

　　6.3，主旨题，文章讲到在不同时期，SupremeCourt对于两种federalism的不同需求，和对national

　　government和stategovernment的power的诠释，所以选differingperspectives7.4，文章提到thetwo

　　whowroteitwanteditthatway，而之前说到constitutionsareshortofdocuments，最后听到to

　　theflexibility,可见选flexible。

　　8.2，文章讲到涉及到两个州commerce的事件需要由nationalgovernment来rule，所以选29.2、3，

　　文章首先提到了Everyoneplayedapartinanexpending,economic

　　network，其次提到了在recession中，nationalgovernment没有resource，所以高院给了更多权力

　　10.1，文章说到两种federalism之间相互制约，防止state或者national

　　government单方面做大，所以有其importantpurpose11.2、4、5

　　Lecture2

　　Socontinuingwithcropdomesticationincorn,ormaize,asit’soften

　　called,obviously,itisoneoftheworld’smostimportantcropstoday,it’s

　　suchabigpartofthedietandsomanycountriesandit’sgotsomanydifferent

　　usesthatishardtoimaginetheworldwithoutit.Butbecauseitdoesn’tgrow

　　naturallywithoutcultivationandbecausethere

　　isnoobviouswildrelativeofmaize,moretothelongesttime,researchers

　　werenotabletofindaclearlinkbetweenmaizeandotherplantsthatmadeit

　　hardforthemtotracethehistoryofmaize.Nowseeingthebigtheoryofthe

　　originofmaizefirststatedcomingoutin1930s,oneinvolvedaplantcalled

　　Teosinte.Teosinteisatall