part two Chapter 2美国现实主义时期.docx

part two Chapter 2美国现实主义时期.docx

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parttwoChapter2美国现实主义时期

　Chapter2:

TheRealisticPeriod

考核要求:

1．识记：

美国现实主义文学产生的社会和文化背景

（a）美国南北战争

（b）威廉·迪安·豪威尔斯：

美国现实主义的先驱

（c）达尔文主义和法国小说家佐拉的影响

2．领会：

A.美国现实主义文学的特点

（a）占主导地位的美国现实主义小说

（b）现实主义文学中的地方色彩小说

（c）现实主义文学中的自然主义倾向

B.现实主义文学和自然主义倾向之异同

C．达尔文主义、法国自然主义作家的主张以及对现实主义时期美国文学的影响

3．应用：

A.名词解释：

现实主义、达尔文主义、自然主义、地方色彩主义

B．现实主义文学和自然主义倾向在美国19世纪小说中的反映

1.Historicaldurationandhistoricalposition:

Theperiodrangingfrom1865tol914hasbeenreferredtoastheAgeofRealisminthe1iteraryhistoryoftheUnitedStates,whichisactuallyamovementortendencythatdominatedthespiritofAmericanliterature,especiallyAmericanfiction,fromthe1850sonwards.

RealismwasareactionagainstRomanticismoramoveawayfromthebiastowards（对…有偏见）romanceandself-creatingfictions,anditpavedthewaytoModernism.

Insteadofthinkingabouttheirrational,theimaginative,realiststoucheduponsocialandpoliticalrealitiesandpressuresinthepost-Civilwarsociety.ThreedominantfiguresareWilliamDeanHowells（威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯）,MarkTwain（马克·吐温）,andHenryJames（亨利·詹姆斯）

【例题】RealismwasareactionagainstRomanticismoramoveawayfromthebiastowardsromanceandself-creatingfictions,andpavedthewayto______________.

A.Cynicism

B.Modernism

C.Transcendentalism

D.Neo-Classicalism

【答案】B

【解析】（P471.para.1）

美国文学史上的现实主义，是对之前的浪漫主义创作原则的背叛，是现代主义流派的先驱，可以看作是文学史上的先现代主义时期。

2.Historicalandsocialbackground:

A.theAmericansocietyaftertheCivilWarprovidedrichsoilfortheriseanddevelopmentofRealism

B.Peoplebecamedubiousaboutthehumannature（人性）andthebenevolence（仁慈）ofGod,whichtheTranscendentalists（先验论者）caredmost.WhatMarkTwainreferredtoas“theGildedAge”（镀金时代）replacedthefrontierandthespiritofthefrontiersman,whichisthespiritoffreedomandhumanconnection.

C.theliterarysceneaftertheCivilWarprovedtobequitedifferentapicture.Theharshrealities（严酷的现实）oflifeaswellasthedisillusionofheroism（英雄形象的幻灭）resultingfromthedarkmemoriesoftheCivilWarhadsetthenationagainsttheromance.TheAmericansbegantobetiredofthesentimental（感伤的）feelingsofRomanticism.Thus,startedanewperiodintheAmericanliterarywritingsknownastheAgeofRealism,characterizedbyagreatinterestintherealitiesoflife.

3.CharacteristicsofRealism:

Guidedbytheprincipleofadheringtothetruthfultreatmentoflife（按照忠实反映现实的原则）,therealiststoucheduponvariouscontemporarysocialandpoliticalissues（现实主义作家来处理社会问题和政治问题）.

Intheirworks,insteadofwritingaboutthepolite,well--dressed,grammaticallycorrectmiddle--classyoungpeoplewhomovedinexoticplacesandremotetimes,theyintroducedindustrialworkersandfarmers,ambitiousbusinessmenandvagrants（流浪汉）,prostitutes（妓女）andunheroicsoldiers（普通士兵）asmajorcharactersinfiction.

Theyapproachedtheharshrealities（严酷的现实）andpressuresinthepost-CivilWarsocietyeitherbyacomprehensive（综合的）pictureofmodernlifeinitsvariousoccupations,classstratifications（分层）andmanners,orbyapsychologicalexplorationofman'ssub-consciousness.（反映人们内心的感受）

ThethreedominantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells（威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯）,MarkTwain,andHenryJames（亨利·詹姆斯）.Togethertheybroughttofulfillmentnativetrendsintherealisticportrayalofthelandscapeandsocialsurfaces（他们真实地描写了美国本地的风土人情，）,broughttoperfectionthevernacular（本国的）style（带有浓厚的乡土气息）,andexploredandexploited（利用）theliterarypossibilitiesoftheinteriorlife.（挖掘了人们的内心生活）

ThethreedominantfiguresoftheRealisticperioddifferedintheirunderstandingofthe“truth”（真实）

①WhileMarkTwainandHowells（豪威尔斯）paidmoreattentiontothe"life"oftheAmericans,HenryJameslaidagreateremphasisonthe"innerworld"ofman.Hecametobelievethattheliteraryartistshouldnotsimplyholdamirrortothesurfaceofsociallifeinparticulartimesandplaces.Inaddition,thewritershoulduselanguagetoprobe（探讨）thedeepestreachesofthepsychologicalandmoralnatureofhumanbeings.Heisarealistoftheinnerlife.

②ThoughTwainandHowellsbothsharedthesameconcerninpresentingthetruthoftheAmericansociety,theyhadeachofthemdifferentemphasis.Howellsfocusedhisdiscussionontherisingmiddleclassandthewaytheylived（上升的中产阶级及其生活方式）,whileTwainpreferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleattheforefrontofhisstories（把自己的家乡和家乡人放在故事的最前沿）,whichisknownas“localcolorism”,（地方色彩）auniquevariation（变化）ofAmericanliteraryrealism.

4.TheAmericannaturalism:

Theorybasis

①Reason:

TheimpactofDarwin'sevolutionarytheoryontheAmericanthoughtandtheinfluenceofthe19thcenturyFrenchliteratureontheAmericanmenoflettersgaverisetoyetanotherschoolofrealism:

Americannaturalism.

②Theorybasis:

naturalselection

③Definition:

（naturalism）

AmericanNaturalism:

Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar;bythesocialupheavals（社会动乱）thatundermined（破坏）thecomfortingfaithofanearlierage.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.

④Subjectandtheme

Theychosetheirsubjectsfromthelowerranksofsocietyandportrayed（描写）thepeoplewhoweredemonstrably（明确的）victimsofsocietyandnature.AndoneofthemostfamiliarthemesinAmericanNaturalismisthethemeofhuman“bestiality”（兽性）,especiallyasanexplanationofsexualdesire.

⑤Characteristics

Artistically（艺术上）,naturalisticwritingsareusuallyunpolished（粗糙）inlanguage,lackinginacademicskillsandunwieldlyinstructure.

Philosophically（哲学上）,thenaturalistsbelievethattherealandtrueisalwayspartiallyhiddenfromtheeyesoftheindividual（真实的东西是人的眼睛所看不见的）,orbeyondhiscontrol（难以控制）.Devoidof（缺乏）rationalityandcaughtinaprocessinwhichheisbutapart,mancannotfullyunderstand,letalonecontrol,theworldhelivesin;hence,heisleftwithnofreedomofchoice.（由于缺乏理性，人只是环境的一部分，所以人类无法完全理解，更别说控制他所生活的世界，因此，人类并没有选择的自由。

）

Inaword,naturalismisevolvedfromrealism（自然主义产生于现实主义）whentheauthor'stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoredetached（超然的）,ironic（讽刺的）andmorepessimistic（悲观的）.Itisnomorethanadifferentphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence（自然主义是另一种形式的现实主义）.

⑥Thesimilarityanddifferencebetweenrealismandnaturalism

Naturalismisevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor'stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoredetached,ironicandmorepessimistic.Itisnomorethanadifferentphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.

Thedistinctionlies,firstofall,inthefactthatRealismisconcerneddirectlywithwhatisabsorbedbythesenses;Naturalism,atermmoreproperlyappliedtoliterature,attemptstoapplyscientifictheoriestoart.

Second,NaturalismdiffersfromRealisminaddinganamoralattitudetotheobjectivepresentationoflife.Naturalisticwriters,adoptingDarwin’sbiologicaldeterminismandMarx’seconomicdeterminism,regardhumanbehaviorascontrolledbyinstinct,emotion,orsocialandeconomicconditions,andrejectfreewill.

Third,Naturalismhadanoutlookoftenbleaker（荒凉的）thanthatofRealism,anditaddedadimensionofpredetermined（已决定的）fatethatrendered（描绘）humanwillultimatelypowerless.

Thetypicalauthorsduringthisperiod

考核要求:

马克·吐温

1．一般识记：

马克·吐温的生平及创作生涯

2．识记：

马克·吐温的主要作品

3．领会：

马克·吐温作品中的地方色彩、幽默及语言特色

4．应用：

（1）选读《哈克贝里·费恩》第三十一章：

主题结构、人物刻画、语言特色

（2）哈克的性格分析及其社会意义

亨利·詹姆斯

1．一般识记：

詹姆斯的生平和创作生涯

2．识记：

詹姆斯的早期作品

3．领会：

（1）詹姆斯的“现实主义”

（2）詹姆斯的小说艺术特色：

“视角”与心理分析

4.应用：

（1）选读《黛西·米勒》第一章：

主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格

（2）《黛西·米勒》的主题和人物分析

 艾米莉·狄金森

1．一般识记：

狄金森的生平及创作生涯

2．识记：

狄金森的诗歌

（1）狄金森有关“永恒”主题的诗

（2）狄金森的爱情诗

（3）狄金森的自然诗

3．领会：

狄金森诗歌的主题结构，创新和艺术特色

4．应用：

选读狄金森诗歌第441、465．585和712首的结构、主题、语言特色

西奥多·德莱塞

1．一般识记：

德莱塞的生平及创作生涯

2．识记：

德莱塞的主要作品

3．领会：

德莱塞小说的语言风格

4．应用：

（1）达尔文主义与德莱塞作品中的自然主义倾向

（2）选读《嘉丽妹妹》的最后一章节选：

主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格

Ⅰ.MarkTwain（马克·吐温）

1.MarkTwain’slifeandposition:

MarkTwainisagreatliterarygiantofAmerica,whomH.L.Mencken（门肯）considered“thetruefatherofournationalliterature.”（真正的民族文学之父）WithworkslikeAdventureofHuckleberryFinn《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》（1884）andLifeontheMississippi《密西西比河上的生活》（1883）Twainshapedtheworld’sviewofAmericaandmadeamoreextensivecombinationofAmericanfolkhumorandseriousliterature（将美国民间幽默严肃文学完美地结合起来）thanpreviouswritershadeverdone.

MarkTwain,PennameofSamuelLanghorneClemens（塞缪尔•兰霍恩•克莱门斯）,wasbornonNovember30,1835,inMissouri（密苏里州）,andgrewupintherivertownofHannibal（水村）汉尼巴尔.Afterhisfatherdied,hebegantoseekhisownfortune.Heonceworkedasajourneymanprinter,asteamboatpilot,anewspapercolunistandasadeadpanlecturer.Twain'swritingtooktheformofhumorousjournalismofthetime,anditenabledhimtomasterthetechniqueofnarration.

2.Writingfeatures:

Localcolorist

Twainisalsoknownasalocalcolorist,whopreferredtopresentsociallifethroughportraitsofthelocalcharactersofhisregions,includingpeoplelivinginthatarea,thelandscape,andotherpeculiaritieslikethecustoms,dialects,costumesandsoon.Consequently,therichmaterialofhisboyhoodexperienceontheMississippibecametheendlessresourcesforhisfiction,andtheMississippivalleyandtheWestbecamehismajortheme.UnlikeJamesandHowells,MarkTwainwroteaboutthelower-classpeople,becausetheywerethepeopleheknewsowellandtheir1ifewastheonehehimselfhadlived.Moreoverhesuccessfullyusedlocalcolorandhistoricalsettings（历史背景）toillustrateandshedlightonthecontemporarysociety.

Vernacular（langu