《每况愈下》的现实主义.docx
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《每况愈下》的现实主义
南京师范大学
硕士学位论文
《每况愈下》的现实主义
姓名：
徐海香
申请学位级别：
硕士
专业：
英语语言文学
指导教师：
丁建宁
20090516
摘要
二十世纪五十年代，英国文坛出现了现实主义的复兴倾向。
它在小说和戏剧创作方面的
表现尤其明显。
英国作家们釆用十八和十九世纪的传统现实主义写作手法，用朴实、简练的
文体描写了最具有典型性的人物和生活场景——战后青年一代的追求和生活方式。
“愤怒的
青年”是英国五十年代现实主义文学的领军人物，而约翰·韦恩正是该流派的先驱和最重要
成员之一。
韦恩的小说《每况愈下》是一部典型的五十年代现实主义小说。
该小说从中下层
阶级的角度呈现了一个典型的战后青年形象。
本文试图从创作手法和主题两方面，详细分析
他的代表作品《每况愈下》中的现实主义特征，并结合戴维·洛奇的钟摆理论，阐释该小说
五十年代英国文坛现实主义复兴的意义。
论文主体由四部分组成。
第一部分分析了英国五十年代现实主义文学复兴的现象和原因，分别从社会、文学背
景和“愤怒的青年”的现实主义创作理念进行阐述，并对《每况愈下》做了简单介绍。
第二部分探讨了《每况愈下》的现实主义创作手法，分析作品中传统的流浪小说方式、
颠倒的“高攀婚姻”模式和讽刺、滑稽形象描写等现实主义写作技巧。
第三部分重点论述作品的主题。
每况愈下》是对五十年代英国社会的真实反映。
本章
分别从当代英国社会阶层的流动性、髙等教育的作用和青年寻找身份三个方面展开讨论。
第四部分结合戴维·洛奇关于当代英国文坛现实主义和现代主义交替出现的钟摆理论，
分析五十年代英国文坛的现实主义复兴现象和《每况愈下》的时代意义。
关键词：
现实主义；约翰·韦恩《每况愈下》“愤怒的青年”
《
；；
Abstract
Abstract
Inthe1950sthereemergedtherevivaloftraditionalrealismintheBritish
literature,especiallyinthegenresoffictionanddrama.Britishwritersadoptedthe
traditionalrealisticwritingsoftheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturytodepictthe
pursuitandlifeoftheyoungmeninpostwarBritain.Theywroteabouttypicalscenes
andcommonpeoplewithsimplestyleandplainlanguage.The"AngryYoungMen"
writershavecontributedalottotherealismrevivalofthe1950s.JohnWainisthe
forerunnerandoneoftiiemostimportantfiguresoftiie"AngryYoungMen"group.
Wain'snovelHurryonDownisatypicalrealisticnovelofthe1950s’whichpresents
usatypicalpostwaryoungmanfromthelower-middleclassperspective.Thisthesis
istogiveadetailedanalysisofHurryonDown,analyzingitsrealistictechniques，its
reflectionsofsocietyanditsrelationshipwithDavidLodge'sPendulumTheorywhich
concernsthedevelopmentofpostwarrealism.
Thisthesisismainlycomposedoffourchapters.
Thefirstchapterdiscussesthephenomenonandcausesoftherealismrevivalin
the1950s，includingsocialandliterarybackgroundandtherealisticliterarytheories
ofthe"AngryYoungMen”.ItalsogivesabriefintroductiontoHurryonDown.
ThesecondchapteranalyzestherealisticcharacteristicsofHurryonDown,
includingthetraditionalpicaresquestyleofHurryonDown,itsreversedhypergamy
patternanditsrealisticwritingtechniquessuchassatireandcomicimages.
ThethirdchaptertriestoanalyzethethemeofHurryonDown,whichisa
reliablesocialreflectionofthe1950s.ThispartfocusesonthecontemporaryBritish
classmobility,theroleofhighereducationandtheyounglookingforidentityinthe
1950s.
DavidLodge,sPendulumTheoryisaboutthealternateappearancebetween
modernismandanti-modernismonthestateofthedevelopmentofEnglishliterature.
ThefourthchapterusesthisPendulumTheorytoanalyzetheresurgenceofrealismin
the1950sandthesignificanceofHurryonDown,
Abstract
Keywords:
realism;JohnWain;HurryonDown;"AngryYoungMen".
学位论文独创性声明
本人郑重声明：
1、坚持以“求实、创新”的科学精神从事研究工作。
2、本论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作和取得的研究
成果。
3、本论文中除引文外，所有实验、数据和有关材料均是真实的。
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已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。
5、其他同志对本研究所做的贡献均已在论文中作了声明并表示
了谢意。
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_____Acknowledgements_
Acknowledgements
ForthecompletionofthisMasterDegreethesis,myfirstexpressionofthanks
mustgotomysupervisor，ProfessorDingJianning.Shecare&llyreadandrereadthe
entiremanuscriptandmademanydetailed,constructivecommentsconcerningstyle，
organizationandcontent.Withoutherconstantencouragement,unstintingsupport,
inspiringideasandsagaciousguidance,mythesiscouldnothaveaccomplished
smoothly.
IamalsoindebtedtoalltheprofessorsandteachersatSchoolofForeign
LanguagesandCulturesinNanjingNormalUniversity,whoselectureshavebenefited
mealotduringthecourseofmygraduatestudy.
Besides,1mustrecordmydeepgratitudeformanystuffmembersoftheNational
Library,whosesincereandunfailingserviceduringmyvisitinBeijinghashelpedme
alotingatheringreferencematerial.Withouttheirassistance,mythesiscouldnotbe
thusrichlyreferenced.
Otherfriendsonwhoseindulgence,hospitality,andcriticismIdependedare
ZhangYa,WuWeiyang,ZhangYanandDengLan.Thankthemfortheirgoodhumor,
excitingtalksandencouragements,
Finally,Iwouldliketotakethisopportunitytoexpressmysinceregratitudeto
myparentsandotherfamilymembersfortheirlove，careandsupportthroughallthe
yearsofmygraduatestudy.
Introduction
Introduction
Inliterature,realismisaloosetermwhichoftenreferstothetrendtowards
depictionsofcontemporarylifeandsociety"astheywere".Realismwasandremains
acentralimpulseinBritishliterature.Thoughrealismwascastintotheshadowby
Britishmodernistliteratureduringthefirsttwodecadesofthe20century,inthe
1950s，thereemergedtherevivalofrealismandthevitalityofrealismwasrepresented
byagroupofwriterscalledthe"AngryYoungMen,"
JohnWain,aprestigiouswriterofcontemporaryEnglishliterature,wrotehisfirst
andmostwell-knownnovelHurryonDownin1953,whichwasapioneeringand
representativeworkof"AngryYoungMen"writers.HurryonDowndepictsayoung
graduateCharlesLumley,whocomesfromworking-class,cannotfindhisidentityand
driftsinthesocietyaftergraduation,doingsuccessiveworking-classjobsuntilhe
finallyfindshispositioninthemiddle-class.HurryonDownpresentsthenewsocial
alternationsandgeneralmoodsofpostwarBritainfrom設lower-middle-class
perspective.JohnWain,aswellasother"AngryYoungMen"writers,rejectsthe
experimentalinnovationsmadebythepreviousmodernistwritersandadoptsthe
traditionalrealisticforms.HurryonDowniswritteninthetraditionalformofrealism，
anditsharesacommonalityofthemeandstylewithotherworksofthe"AngryYoung
Men"writers.HurryonDownforeverlinksitsauthorinthepublicmindasan
importantfigureofthe"AngryYoungMen"writers.
Eversincetheappearanceofthe"AngryYoungMen"inthe1950s,thecritics
havegoingtogreatlengthtoexploreboththemaincharactersofthe"AngryYoung
Men"andtheirmajorworksfromvaryingperspectives.Theevaluationsaremainly
centeredontwoparts:
thethemeandtheartistictechniquesofthe"AngryYoung
Men"works.JohnRussellTayloridentifiedthat"Inthe'AngryYoungMen',oneis
confrontedwithmenwhoseangerundoubtedlystartinhumanidealism,andthedesire
thatmanshouldbemorehonest,morealive,morehumanthantheynormallyare"
（Taylor，1968:
177）.InModernism,AntimodernismandPostmodernismDavidLodge
thoughttheiroriginalitywaslargelyamatteroftoneandattitudeandsubjectmatter.
Introduction
NormanMacleodinTheLanguageofKingsleyAmisstudiedthelanguageofAmis:
''tothesocialcultureandmoralconcernsofthecentralstreamoftheEnglishfictional
traditionbrought,acontemporarytone,expressedinthatstronglyvoiced,vernacular
wayofwriting,whichhaslethimturnparticularresentmentsintocomicgoodsense.
Amiswasvoicingavirtuousprovincialism,expressingaplain-spokencommonsense
throughthesoundof狂lower-middleclassvoiceagainstupper-middleclasslanguage"
（Macleod,1998:
81）.
AsfortheevaluationsofJohnWainandhisHurryonDown,A.T.Tolley
suggestedthatWain'snovelsandstories"makeuponeofthemoresubstantialbodies
ofcontemporaryfictioninEnglish"（Tolley，1984;356）.AugustusM.Kolichcalled
Wain"aniconoclastwhoisuncompromisinginhisdedicationtothebeliefthatina
worldwhere'destructionanddisintegration'arethenorm,onlytheartist'screative
languagecancleartheruinsandestablishafoundationforheroic
individualisni"（Kolicli,1983:
542）.BlakeMorrisonsuggestedthatLumleycouldbe
seen"asrepresentativeofalessdeceivedpostwargenerationhostiletooldvaluesand
intentuponradicalpoliticalchange.Heandothernewheroesinfictionwerethe
subjectofmuchjournalisticdiscussion-discussionwhichensuredHurryonDown's
success"（Morrison,1994:
23）.WalterAllenconcludedthatHurryonDownmade
Wain"thesatiristofthisperiodofsocialchange"（Allen:
1964:
52）.
ThestatusquooftheChinesestudyonJohnWainandhisworkscanbe
generalizedasoccasionalacknowledgementsofhispositioninliteraryhistorybased
ongeneralintroductionofthe"AngryYoungMen”，whichismoreataggingjobthan
detailedstudy.WangChangrongquestionedthelabelof"AngryYoungMen";he
thoughttheywerenotangryatallandjustweredissatisfiedaboutthesociety.Gao
ZhaochengandFenHaiyancomparedthe"AngryYoungMen"withthe"Beat
Generation，，，theyconcludedthatalthoughthenovelsofthe"AngryYoungMen"
werereflectionsofthecontemporaryBritishsocietyandwereinamorereadableway,
theywerelimitedasthedocumentarynovels,andtheyhadnotachievedawider
reputationasthe"BeatGeneration".JuYumeianalyzedtherealisticcharactersofthe
"AngryYoungMen"novels，forexample，thedescriptionofthecommoncitizens,the
Introduction
plainlanguage,thewideuseofsatireandthevividdialogues.Themost
comprehensivestudyof"AngryYoungMen"wasmadebyWuQiyaoinhisdoctorial
dissertation.HestudiedthesocialandculturalscenesofthepostwarBritain,the
generationofanti-heroes,theinadequaciesandlimitationoftheAngryYoungMen's
angerandtherealistictechniquesintheirnovels.
Thissituationreflectsexactlythelackofproperintroductionstoandstudyon
JohnWainandhis
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