高考英语二轮复习专题一阅读理解习题讲5文章主旨大意题.docx

高考英语二轮复习专题一阅读理解习题讲5文章主旨大意题.docx

《高考英语二轮复习专题一阅读理解习题讲5文章主旨大意题.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高考英语二轮复习专题一阅读理解习题讲5文章主旨大意题.docx（11页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

高考英语二轮复习专题一阅读理解习题讲5文章主旨大意题

2019年高考英语二轮复习专题一阅读理解

习题讲5【文章主旨大意题】　

[典例]　（2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选）

Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhuntergatherers,small,tightlyknit（联系）groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.

Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenationstateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.

Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber（中位数）ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.

Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction（消亡）,withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon（eightremainingspeakers）,ChiapanecoinMexico（150）,LipanApacheintheUnitedStates（twoorthree）orWadjiguinAustralia（one,withaquestionmark）:

noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.

31.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?

A．Newlanguageswillbecreated.

B．People’slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.

C．Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.

D．Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.

[解析]　选C　第一段说明语言已有几千年的历史，但有一些语言正在消失；第二段说明随着人类社会的发展，语言变得更少；第三段说明语言的分布是不均匀的；第四段介绍了超过400种语言正面临消亡的威胁。

整篇文章主要说明的是由于人类社会的发展导致了语言变得越来越少。

故选C。

[干扰项分析]　A项颠倒是非，文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。

B、D两项无中生有，文中没有提到人们的生活方式会反映到语言上，也没有提到地理决定语言的发展。

[增分技巧]

1．快速确定文章大意

（1）归纳要点抓大意。

适用于没有明显的主题句的文章或段落。

（2）从段落中抓大意。

适用于主题句位于文章或段落中间类型的文章。

（3）读首句抓大意。

适用于主题句出现在开头的文章，如说明文、议论文、科技文献和新闻报道。

（4）读尾句抓大意。

适用于主题句出现在段尾/篇尾的文章，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。

2．找主题句的5个小窍门

（1）段落中出现表示转折的词语（如however,but,infact,onthecontrary,incontrast等）时，其后的句子很可能是主题句。

（2）首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是主题句。

（3）作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词（主旨句常包含关键词）。

（4）首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容可能是主题句。

（5）表示总结或结论词语常有therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等。

3．解题原则

文章大意题难度较大，属于区分度很高的选拔性题目。

注意无论此类题目出现在什么位置都要作为最后一道题来做，因为只有通读全文后才能更好地把握文章主题，并且文章中其他题目的解答也会有助于对整篇文章主旨的理解。

训练目标

（一）

对点练——攻克失分短板

A（2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B节选）

Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness（荒野）．Butgoldwasdiscoveredtherein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30,000.

DawsondidnothaveanyofthenaturalconveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthereforgold.Theytravelledoversnowcoveredmountainsandsailedhundredsofmilesupicyrivers.ThepathtoDawsonwascoveredwiththirtyfeetofwetsnowthatcouldfallwithoutwarning.Anavalanche（雪崩）onceclosedthepath,killing63people.FormanywhomadeittoDawson,however,therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.

Butnomatterhowrichtheywere,Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon,thegoldthatDawsondependedonhadallbeenfound.Thecitywascrowdedwithdisappointedpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgo—toseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.TourismisnowthechiefindustryofDawsonCity—itspresentpopulationis762.

27．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A．Theriseandfallofacity.

B．ThegoldrushinCanada.

C．Journeysintothewilderness.

D．TourisminDawson.

解析：

选A　第一段简要介绍了决定城市发展的因素，引出道森这一城市的兴起；第二段介绍了该城市兴起的原因；第三段介绍该城市的衰落及现在的状况，所以全文是围绕道森这个城市的发展兴衰展开的。

故A项正确。

B（2017·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C节选）

Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopulationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.

GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.

Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources（来源）forthewolf—grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation（植被）,whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark’sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers.

Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.

Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolves.TheU．S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.Today,thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyotepopulationsaredown,whilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback.TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.

28．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A．WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.

B．PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.

C．Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.

D．ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark.

解析：

选D　本文第一段点明在争议了几年之后，灰狼被重新引入黄石国家公园；第二、三段叙述灰狼曾经随处可见，可后来由于人类的发展，该种群被渐渐驱离这里并引发了一系列生态问题；第四、五段叙述生物学家建议重新引入灰狼，以及重新引入灰狼后的效果。

由此归纳文章大意为：

黄石国家公园里灰狼的消失导致了一系列生态问题，生物学家最终决定将灰狼重新引入黄石国家公园，从而改善了公园里的生态环境。

故选D。

C（2017·浙江高考阅读A节选）

BenjaminWest,thefatherofAmericanpainting,showedhistalentforartwhenhewasonlysixyearsofage.Buthedidnotknowaboutbrushesbeforeavisitortoldhimheneededone.Inthosedays,abrushwasmadefromcamel’shair.Therewerenocamelsnearby.Benjamindecidedthatcathairwouldworkinstead.Hecutsomefurfromthefamilycattomakeabrush.

...

In1747,whenBenjaminwasnineyearsold,Mr.Penningtonreturnedforanothervisit.HewasamazedatwhatBenjaminhaddonewithhisgift.HeaskedBenjamin’sparentsifhemighttaketheboybacktoPhiladelphiaforavisit.

Inthecity,Mr.PenningtongaveBenjaminmaterialsforcreatingoilpaintings.Theboybeganalandscape（风景）painting.WilliamWilliams,awellknownpainter,cametoseehimwork.WilliamswasimpressedwithBenjaminandgavehimtwoclassicbooksonpaintingtotakehome.Thebookswerelonganddull.Benjamincouldreadonlyalittle,havingbeenapoorstudent.Buthelatersaid,“Thosetwobooksweremycompanionsbyday,andundermypillowatnight.”Whileitislikelythatheunderstoodverylittleofthebooks,theywerehisintroductiontoclassicalpaintings.Thenineyearoldboydecidedthenthathewouldbeanartist.

21．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A．Benjamin’svisittoPhiladelphia.

B．Williams’influenceonBenjamin.

C．ThebeginningofBenjamin’slifeasanartist.

D．ThefriendshipbetweenBenjaminandPennington.

解析：

选C　根据第一段第一句“BenjaminWest,thefatherofAmericanpainting,showedhistalentforartwhenhewasonlysixyearsofage.”以及选文第二段第一句“In1747,whenBenjaminwasnineyearsold”和最后一段，并结合全文可知，本文主要讲述了艺术家本杰明·韦斯特少年时代的艺术启蒙。

训练目标

（二）

综合练——提高解题速度

（加★的题目为文章大意题）

A

Theloudcontinuousnoiseofthecarsorthesoundofaplanecanforceitswayintothedeepestforest,yetit’snotonlyhumansthatarebotheredbythenoise.

BioacousticianBernieKrausehasbeenstudyingtheeffectofnoisepollutiononwildlife,andhascomeacrosssomeinterestingbehavior,especiallyamonganimalsthatcommunicatebyvocalization（发声）,likehumans.Birdsusesoundtocommunicate,butinnoisyplaces,theseanimalshavetoshoutoverthenaturalnoisetobeheard.

Krausementionsastudyofnightingalestoclarifywhathemeans.Thebirdsrespondedtotrafficnoisebysinginglouderandlouderuntiltheyactuallywentbeyondnoisepollutionstandardsinthecity.Tobeltouttheirsongs,theyincreasedtheirlungpressurefivefold,butscientistsstatethatthisisnotdangerousforthebirdsthemselves.

Studiesshowthatsuddennoisecancausecertainbirdstoleavetheirnests,exposingtheyoungtotheirenemies.Onestudyalsoshowedthatsongbirdsthatnestedclosertobusymotorwaysweremuchlessproductivethan