Character Analysis of While the Auto Waits In terms of Grammatical Metaphor13页word资料.docx

Character Analysis of While the Auto Waits In terms of Grammatical Metaphor13页word资料.docx

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CharacterAnalysisofWhiletheAutoWaitsIntermsofGrammaticalMetaphor13页word资料

CharacterAnalysisofWhiletheAutoWaitsIntermsofGrammaticalMetaphor

　　【Abstract】Appraisaltheory,isalatestdevelopmentorevenbreakthroughoftheSystemicFunctionalLinguistics（SFL）.Itmainlyconcernswiththevariouswaysinsametime,establishapersonalrelationshiporstrengthentieswithinterlocutors.Therefore,wecanseethatthestudyonevaluationisofgreatsignificance.Inthispaper,itdiscussesbrieflythevaluationofthetext:

WhiletheAutoWaitsintermsofGrammaticalMetaphor,withtheaimofanalyzingtheformationofthecharacteristicsoftheprotagonists.

　　从语法隐喻角度分析《汽车等待的时候》中主人公性格

　　1AbriefintroductionofWhiletheAutowaits

　　O.Henryhasdeepinsightsintohumandestinyandhumannature.AmongthestoryofNewYorkers,thethemeofpretensestrikesthedominantchordsofthesestories――thepervasivedesiretoposeforwhatoneifnot,ifonlyforabriefspelloftimeandregardlessoftheacknowledgedriskinvolved.[1]（P66）Inthestory“WhiletheAutoWaits”,whichisrecognizedasoneofhisbeststoryofthethemeoffalsepretense.Acomelyyoungwomanpretendstobeanobleladyandtriestoimpressayoungmanwhostopstochatwithherinapark.Themanmaskshisrealidentitybypretendingtobeahumblerestaurantcashier,whichtheendingshowstobethepositionsheholds.Meanwhileheisalsothewealthyownerofthechauffeuredsedan,whichshehaspointedtoasherown.Suchapersonisworthyofsympathy,O.Henryneverlooksdownuponthem.Althoughtheendingofthestoryisironical,heneverdespisesthem.Hence,thispaperputthestressonthecharactersoftheheroandtheheroinethroughthefollowingthreeaspectsinthenextchapter.

　　2ThesignificanceofEvaluation

　　Inthepreviouschapter,abriefintroductionaboutthewriterandthismanuscripthasbeenmade.Inthischapter,IwillmakeaconcisereviewoftheliteratureonAttitudinalSystem;MaterialProcess;grammaticalmetaphorabroadandinChina.Then,I’llconductashallowdiscussionoftheirapplicationtothetextrespectively,withtheaimtoanalyzetheformationofthecharacters.

　　Oneofthemainpurposesofcommunicatingistointeractwithotherpeople:

toestablishandmaintainappropriatesociallinkswiththem.Basedonthisfact,Hallidayproposedtheinterpersonalmeta-functionoflanguagetogetherwithanothertwo,namely,theideationalmeta-functionandtextualmeta-function.Andevaluationisaveryimportantpartintherealizationofinterpersonalmeaning.[2]（P87）AccordingtoThompson,[3]（P29）“evaluationisacentralpartofthemeaningofanytextandthatanyanalysisoftheinterpersonalmeaningsofatextmusttakeitintoaccount.”Therefore,wecanseethatthestudyonevaluationisofgreatsignificance.

　　3OverviewofGrammaticalMetaphor

　　DescendingfromAristotleandPlato,temporarytheoriesofmetaphorfallintoconstructivismandnon-constructivism（Ortony,1979）[4]（P56）.AndasisknowntousallthattheconceptofgrammaticalmetaphorwasinventedandfirstputforwardbyHalliday.Beingthefounderofsystemic-functionallinguistics,hepointsoutinthelastchapterofAnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammarthatmetaphordoesnotonlyhappenatthelexicallevelbutalsoexistsatthegrammaticallevel,andhencehedevelopedanewterminologyofmetaphor:

GrammaticalMetaphor.ItwasinthesamebookthatHallidaymadearelativelyandsystemicallydescriptionofgrammaticalmetaphorforthefirsttime.Meanwhile,hemadeitclearthathepreferstousethetermofcongruenttocomparewithmetaphoricalratherthanthecommoncouple:

literalandmetaphorical.Contrastingwiththeviewpointofnon-constructivism,heclaimsthatmetaphorisonlyawayofexpressionwhichisclosertothereallifeandthatitisoneofthemeaningfulchoicesthelanguageusermakes.Seenfromthispointofview,allthelanguagethatadultsareusingmustbefullofmetaphorandutteranceordiscoursecompletelywithoutanymetaphorcanonlybefoundinchildren’slanguage.[5]（P189）InthesecondeditionofAnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar（Halliday,1994/2000）ASystemicFunctionalLinguisticApproachtoO’Henry’sshortStoriesgiveaprovisionaldefinitionofgrammaticalmetaphoras:

theexpressionofameaningthroughalexico-grammaticalformwhichoriginallyevolvedtoexpressadifferentkindofmeaning.Accordingtothat,thereisnoessentialdifferencebetweenlexicalmetaphorandgrammaticalmetaphor,anditisfurthersaidthatlexicalmetaphorcanbeseenasasub-categoryofgrammaticalmetaphor.[6]（P148）Inthenextchapterofthispaper,thefeaturesofgrammaticalmetaphorinoneofO.Henry’sshortstorieswillbeanalyzedanddiscussed.

　　4AFunctionalLinguisticAnalysisOfWhiletheAutoWaits

　　BeforeintroducingHalliday’sGrammaticalMetaphor,Thompson（2000:

163）pointsoutthatmetaphorisoneofthemostcommonresourcesofproblemsthatarerunupagainstindecidinghowtocodecertainwordings.[7]（P163）Weofcourseknowthatmetaphorisafamiliarconceptanditisgenerallyconsiderednotdifficulttorecognizewhenusedinthetraditionalform,forexample,“crippled”and“burden”areclearlybeingusedmetaphoricallyinthefollowingsentence:

　　（a）Thenorthiscrippledwiththeburdenoftheindustrialrevolution

　　Here,“crippled”issaidtohavealiteralmeaningof“lame”andametaphoricalmeaningof“inadifficultsituation”,anditisthesamewithanotherwordinthisexamplesentence“burden”,whichmetaphoricallyheremeans“effectofsomething”butliterallymeans“somethingheavy”.Thereforetheexampleabovemightbe“translated”asfollows:

　　（a1）Thenorthisinadifficultsituationbecauseoftheeffectsoftheindustrialrevolution

　　Thatisatypicaltraditionalanalysisofmetaphor,whichisseenasrelatingtothewayacertainwordisused,andtheterm“metaphorical”isusedastheoppositeofliteraltodescribethemeaningoftheword.Thismetaphorisrecognizedaslexicalmetaphoranditisobviousthatinthiscasethestatusofawordoranexpressionstaysthesamebutitsmeaningchanged.Butsystemicfunctionallinguiststellusthatmetaphorissomethinghappeningontheleveloflexico-grammarandthereforeitiscalledGrammaticalMetaphor,inwhichcase,whatischangedisnotthemeaningbutthegrammarstatusofthewordortheexpression.

　　5IdentificationofGrammaticalMetaphor

　　Asfortheidentificationofgrammaticalmetaphor,apairofconceptsisveryimportant:

oneisthecongruentformandtheotheristhemetaphoricalform.Thestandardfordecidinggrammaticalmetaphoristotestwhetherthesemanticmeaningofawordinghascongruencewithitsgrammarstatus.Thompson（2000:

164）explainsthatthetermcongruentcanbeinformallyglossedas“closertothestateofaffairsintheexternalworld”,forexample,nounscongruentlyencodething,andverbscongruentlyencodehappenings.[8]（P164）Asfortherecognitionofcongruentforms,inHalliday’s（1994:

343）words,itissaidthatthoughmetaphoricvariationmighthavebeen-inherentinthenatureoflanguagefromtheverybeginning,weareabletorecognizethecongruentformsforwhattheyare,asthetypicalwayinwhichexperienceisconstrued,orinotherwords,thecongruentformsare“typicalwaysofsayingthings”.[9]（P154）Consequently,wecanregardsomewordingsasmetaphoricalwhentheyarenotorganizedin“typicalwaysofsayingthings”.

　　ForHallidayclassifiesgrammaticalmetaphorintotwocategories:

ideationalmetaphorandinterpersonalmetaphor,itiseasytounderstandthatthiswayofclassificationhasagreatdealtodowithhis“meta-functions”:

ideationalfunction,interpersonalfunctionandtextualfunction.Asaresult,itisstillnotsurprisingtofindmetaphoroftransitivityinHalliday’sideationalmetaphor.Inthiscase,aprocessofonekindismetaphoricallyshiftedtoandexpressedbyanotherkindofprocess.Andwiththeexchangeofprocesses,theelementsofclause（suchasparticipant,process,circumstantialelementandsoon）willreplaceeachothermetaphorically.So,forexample,insteadofsaying“theyarrivedatthesummitonthefifthday”,wemaychooseawordingsuchas“thefifthdaysawthematthesummit”.Obviously,onthisoccasion,thetime（circumstance）“thefifthday”hasbeentakenasifitwereaparticipant,whowasanonlooker“seeing”theclimberswhentheyarrivedatthesummit.

　　（a）Theoriginalmaterialprocessarrivedhasbeenrepresentedasamentalprocesssaw;

　　（b）Theparticipanttheyhavebeenturnedintophenomenonthem;

　　（c）Thecircumstanceoftimethefifthday（thoughnotaconsciousbeing）hasbeentreatedasifitwereaparticipant.

　　Thecourseofmetaphoroftransitivityinthisexamplecanbeanalyzedasfollows:

[10]P73

　　Inthispart,IwillemploycertainmaterialsfromWhiletheAutoWaits,soastoexploretheircharacteristicsingrammaticalmetaphor.ThewholebodyofthiswritingcanbefoundintheAppendixattheendofthispaper.

　　Martin[11]（1992:

120）tellusthatideationalmetaphorcomesaboutinthecourseofchoosingprocessesasfollows:

firstly,oneofthesixprocesses,thatisMaterialProcess,MentalProcess,RelationalProcess,VerbalProcess,BehavioralProcessandExistentialProcess,ischosen;secondly,functionalelementsrelatedtothatchosenprocesswillbethenchosen;thirdly,choicesofthewordclassthatcanrealizethosechosenfunctionswillbemade.Eachofthesechoicesiscertaintodrawdifferencesbetweenthecongruentformandincongruentform,andthevariousformsofrealizationofmeaningsarejustideationalgrammaticalmetaphorswearetalki