gmat语法考点.docx
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gmat语法考点
语法考点bychobitsrain
GeneralPrinciple:
1.要靠语意解题。
(BYdaisyの小夢想(V38))
大家语法方面都要重视语意和逻辑表达啊!
要知道作者想告诉我们的是什么,怎样表达能清晰地反映作者的意思。
2.好多正确答案都比错误答案长很多的。
不要因为看起来繁琐就排除了,切记切记-Bywenyetao(v41)
(1)notonlybutalso常见考点摘自PREP语法
考点:
①notonly,butalso倒装的时候在but和also之间是可以重复主语的
②butalso中的also可以省略
③butalso不考平行,单独出现
notjust/notmerely/notsimply/notsolely..butalso..=notonly..butalso..
逻辑为王:
如果你一眼看出这个句子考notonly,butalso于是开始找答案,恭喜你,又上当了。
做题的时候要弄清楚句子的意思是递进还是转折,如果是递进notonly...butalso没问题,如果是转折的话,就要考虑一下是否是GMAC的陷阱了,but/butalso才是表示转折的意思.
首先Notonly…..but(also)表示的关系是递进,其中also可以省略
But/butalso表示的是转折.在butalso中,ring_cheng认为also不属于重复,所以应当保留.该观点尚未证实.
notonly...butalso表示并列,不能表示转折,不要有先入为主的感觉认为notonly...butalso必须一起出现。
单独出现butalso是可能的,此时表示的是转折,参见大全74
All-terrainvehicleshaveallowedvacationerstoreachmanypreviouslyinaccessibleareas,buttheyhavealsobeenblamedforcausinghundredsofdeaths,injurytothousands,andseriouslydamagingthenation’srecreationalareas.
(A)deaths,injurytothousands,andseriouslydamaging
(B)deathsandinjuringthousands,andseriousdamageto
(C)deaths,thousandswhoareinjured,aswellasseriouslydamaging
(D)deathsandthousandsofinjuries,aswellasdoingseriousdamageto
(E)deaths,thousandsareinjured,andtheydoseriousdamageto
1.在正常语序中:
notonly…butalso应连接两个相对称的并列成分。
例如:
NotonlyMrLinbutalsohissonjoinedthePartytwoyearsago.(连接两个主语)
Inotonlyplaytennisbutalsopractiseshooting.(连接两个谓语动词)
Heplaysnotonlythepianobutalsotheviolin.(连接两个宾语)
在正常语序(有例外)中:
短语本身不可以加入其它成份,比如变成:
notonly...butitalso...是错误的(因为破坏了平衡)。
125.ThewindsthathowlacrosstheGreatPlainsnotonlyblowawayvaluabletopsoil,therebyreducingthepotentialcropyieldofatractofland,andalsodamageordestroyyoungplants.
(A)andalsodamageordestroy
(B)aswellasdamagingordestroying
(C)buttheyalsocausedamageordestroy
(D)butalsodamageordestroy
(E)butalsocausingdamageordestroying
2.notonly…butalso连接两个主语时,谓语动词要和与其最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。
例如:
Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherwasagainsttheplan./Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudentswereagainsttheplan.
3.notonly…butalso不能用在否定句中。
例如:
误:
Theydon'tfearnotonlyhardshipbutalsodeath.
正:
Theyfearneitherhardshipnordeath.
正:
Theydon'tfeareitherhardshipordeath.
4.notonly…butalso连接两个分句,并且notonly位于句首时,第一个分句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装。
例如:
Notonlydoesthesungiveuslight,butalsoitgivesusheat.
(2)倒装
一.完全倒装
1.表语在句首要倒装:
·介词短语/分词短语/形容词短语+系动词+主语(主语与前面的动词主谓一致)
1)介词短语在句首
AmongthepeoplewasamannamedBrown.在这些人中有一个叫布朗的人。
Onthetopofthehillstandsanoldtemple.这山顶上有一座庙。
2)分词作表语
·过去分词(有时构成被动结构的过去分词)提前到句首,引起倒装
·构成进行时态的现在分词也可以提到前面来----张道真(正常语序看是进行时态)
Helpingthemraisetheirartisticlevelarevariousprofessorialorganizations.
VisitingtheGreatWallwere200Americancollegestudents.
·现在分词提前到句首引起倒装要和动名词作主语区别开来
·下面例句是动名词作主语:
TeachingEnglishismyjob.
3)形容词短语放句首
PresentatthemeetingisourEnglishteacher.(Present出席的,在场的)
Gonearethedayswhenwehadagoodtimeatthemountainvillage.(Gone离去的)
2.为了保持句子平行或上下文的连接更紧密,也可以采用倒装.
Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.
·主语有过多修饰语亦可采用完全倒装
Noteworthyisthefactthathehastalentformusic.
二.部分倒装
1.一些表示频率的副词(如manyatime,often等)位于句首时,句子部分倒装.
Oftendidwegoforwalkstogether./ManyatimehaveItoldhimaboutit.
2.用于“nosooner…than…,hardly…when…和notuntil等结构中”
Nosoonerhadhearrivedthansomeonecalledhim.他一到就有人给他打电话
3.用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句(把were,had,should放在主语前构成倒装)
WereIyou(=IfIwereyou),Iwouldnotaccepthispresent.
Hadyou(=Ifyouhad)studiedhard,youmighthavepassedtheexamthistime.
4.用于“形容词/名词/动词+as(though)”引导的让步状语从句,例如:
·形容词:
Prettyassheis(=Asprettyassheis=thoughsheispretty),sheisnotcleveratall.
·动词:
Tryashecould,hemightfailagain.
·名词:
Childashewas,hehadtosellnewspapersinthestreets.
5.否定副词(never,not…,seldom,hardly,neither,nor,scarcely,rarely,nolonger,barely,little)
Barelydidhehavetimetocatchthebus.
NeverhaveIbeentoBeijing.
6.So/Such引导的倒装句
Sokindisshethatshedeservesallmyrespect.(全倒装)
Soloudlydidhespeakthateveryonecouldhearhim.
7.Only在句首强调状语
Onlywhenthemeetingisovercanweknowthedecision.
(3)标点符号(具体需Manhattan第十章补充)
Dash破折号:
Thedash(-)isaflexiblepunctuationmarkthattheGMAToccasionallyemploys.Youcanuseadashasanemphaticcomma,semicolonorcolon.
Forinstance,youshouldusedashestoseparateanappositivefromaniteminalist
Youcanalsousethedashtorestateorexplainanearlierpartofthesentence.Unlikethecolon,thedashdoesnotneedtobeimmediatelyprecededbythepartneedingexplanation.
manhattan没找到,网上搜了分号,冒号的用法
只遇到一道涉及破折号的题,考的不是标点,而是固定搭配。
结构是这样的:
...,soadjandsoadj-一个名词性插入成分-that...划线从破折号前道that之后某处,但考的其实就是sothat...(A选项不是sothat),直接找有that的选项(就一个,其他的后面都是and什么的)。
xbabylon(v40)
semicolon分号:
是名副其实的分隔号,它不能用于完结一个句子,它通常用于并列的分句之间。
一般来说,分号的作用介于句号与逗号之间,用分号隔开的两部分之间的关系,比用句号分开的紧密,但不及用逗号分开的紧密。
用于并列分句之间,以分隔(通常)没有连词连接的主要从句,这些从句被认为是关系密切而属于一个句子。
Colon冒号:
是一个补充、连贯的符号,被用来引起读者注意下文。
1.9.1Punctuation(manhattan)
Punctuationisthepracticeinwritingofusingasetofmarkstoregulatetextsandclarifytheirmeanings,mainlybyseparatingorlinkingwords,phrasesandclauses.Currently,punctuationisnotusedasheavilyasinthepast.Punctuationstylesvaryfromindividual,newspapertonewspaperandpresstopress,intermsofwhattheyconsidernecessary.
Improperpunctuationcancreateambiguitiesormisunderstandingsinwriting,especiallywhenthecommaismisused.Forexample,considerthefollowingexamples:
“Theydidnotgo,becausetheywerelazy.”Inthiscase,thepeopleinquestiondidnotgoforonereason:
“becausetheywerelazy.”Butconsiderthesentenceagain:
“Theydidnotgobecausetheywerelazy.”Inthiscase,withoutthecomma,thepeopleprobablyDIDgo,butnotbecausetheywerelazy,forsomeotherreason(theydidnotgobecausetheywerelazy,theywentbecausetheyweretired).
PeriodsandCommas
(1)PeriodsandCommas:
themostcommonformofpunctuation.Theperiodendsasentence,whereasthecommamarksoutassociatedwordswithinsentences.Commasareusedforpauses,prepositionalphrases,andappositiveclausesoffsetfromtherestofthesentencetorenameapropernoun(Thomas,abaker,);theyarethereststopinEnglishlanguage.
(2)Colons,Semicolons,andDashes:
Manypeopleavoidtheuseofcolonandsemicolon,becauseofuncertaintyastotheirpreciseuses.Inlessformalwriting,thedashisoftenusedtotaketheplaceofboththecolonandthesemi-colon.Theruleisthatbothcolonsandsemicolonsmustfollowacompleteindependentclause.Asemicolonmustbefollowedbyanothercompleteclause,eitherdependentorindependent.Acolonmaybefollowedbyalistorphrase,orbyacompleteclause.
•TheAPOSTROPHE(’)usedtoshowpossession:
ThosebooksareThomas’sbooks.
•TheCOLON(:
)isnormallyusedinasentencetoleadfromoneideatoitsconsequencesorlogicalcontinuation.Thecolonisusedtoleadfromonethoughttoanother.
•TheSEMICOLON(;)isnormallyusedtolinktwoparallelstatements.
•Considerthefollowingexamples:
–COLON:
“Therewasnotruthintheaccusation:
theyrejecteditutterly.”
∗Pointstoacause/effectrelationship,asaresultof...
–SEMICOLON:
“Therewasnotruthintheaccusation;itwastotallyfalse.”(Heretwoparallelstatementsarelinked
“notruth”and“totallyfalse”.IntheCOLONexample,theconsequenceisstatedaftertheinsertionofthecolon).
∗Re-statesinitialpremise,createsrelationbetweendisparateparts
∗Technicallythesesentencescouldbebrokendownintotwoseparatesentencesandtheywouldremaingrammaticallysound.Buttwosentencesherewouldsuggestseparateness(whichinspeechthevoicewouldconveywithalongerpause)thatisnotalwaysappropriate.
•HYPHENSorDASHES:
Thehyphenordashisperhapsmostimportantinordertoavoidambiguity,andisusedtolink
words.Considerthefollowingexample:
–“Fifty-oddpeople”and“Fiftyoddpeople”.Whenthehyphenisused,thepassagemeans“approximatelyfiftypeople.”Butthesecondpassagemeans“fiftystrangepeople”.
Otherwise,theuseofthehyphenisdeclining.Itwasformerlyusedtoseparatevowels(co-ordinate,make-up),butthispracticeisdisappearing.
Forexample:
Houseplant→house-plant→houseplant
(4)长主语辨别谓语单复数的
有个has和have选的,AofB的复杂主语,记得是has。
(5)比较
1.倍数:
白勇《GMAT语法全解》中说过“...times+形容词/副词比较级+than.....”属于有争议的结构,因为产生歧义。
标准书面语中避免使用此结构。
“....times+as+形容词/副词+as"则常用。
(但OG有题证明两种都可以)
2.as或than引导比较从句中的省略原则----from白勇语法
1)比较从句谓语与主句谓语相同,可用do,did,does代替。
2)比较从句连系动词be与主句连系动词be相同,可以省略be,也可以不省略。
3)主语谓语动词短语使用“助动词(如have,has,had,will)或情态动词(can,could,may,should)+verb”形式时,比较从句往往省略verb,保留助动词或情态动词。
4)比较从句的主语和谓语与主句的主语和谓语相同时,可以全部省去,常常保留做状语的介词短语或状语从句。
5)比较从句的主语与主句主语相同,可以省略。
对主谓宾全的句型
主语比较:
AdosththanBdo.(AB为对等名词,加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词,因而确定是主语,进而确定是主语对比)
介宾比较AdosthofC1byD1thanofC2byD2.(C1C2,D1D2对等名词)
宾语比较AdoC1thanC2.(C1C2为对等名词)
状语比较Adosththanusual/everbefore/peopleexpected(直接加状语)
ETS就这几下子,原则就是清楚地指示什么跟什么比。
按照这个原理,对下一种句型只有主谓,没有宾语的句子,因为没有宾语,只可能有主语比较,因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语,所以其比较形式如下:
Ieatfasterthanyou.注意与下句区别
Ieatapplefasterthanyoudo
如果写成Ieatapplefasterthanyou按ETS的理解,从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快,成了宾语比较。
逻辑上显然不通。
AS族的比较大同小异,as可单独引导比较,也可以复合成asmanyas,ashardas等形式,但ETS宗旨不变,如
Sandroadcoststwiceasmanytobuildastomanintain(类似于介宾比较)
Sandroadcoststwiceasmanytobuildasstoneroaddo(主语比较,)
Sandroadcoststhegovementtwiceasmanytobuildastheresidents.(宾语比较)
ETS考过AS比较的习惯用法(不受上