gmat语法考点.docx

1、gmat语法考点语法考点 by chobitsrainGeneral Principle: 1. 要靠语意解题。(BY daisy小夢想（V38）)大家语法方面都要重视语意和逻辑表达啊！要知道作者想告诉我们的是什么，怎样表达能清晰地反映作者的意思。2. 好多正确答案都比错误答案长很多的。不要因为看起来繁琐就排除了，切记切记-By wenyetao（v41）(1) not only but also常见考点摘自PREP语法 考点：not only,but also倒装的时候在but 和also之间是可以重复主语的but also中的also可以省略but also不考平行，单独出现not jus

2、t/not merely/not simply/not solely. but also.=not only. but also.逻辑为王：如果你一眼看出这个句子考not only，but also于是开始找答案，恭喜你，又上当了。做题的时候要弄清楚句子的意思是递进还是转折,如果是递进not only.but also 没问题,如果是转折的话,就要考虑一下是否是GMAC的陷阱了, but/but also才是表示转折的意思.首先Not only.but (also)表示的关系是递进, 其中also可以省略 But/but also表示的是转折. 在but also中, ring_cheng认为

3、also不属于重复, 所以应当保留.该观点尚未证实. not only .but also表示并列，不能表示转折，不要有先入为主的感觉认为not only.but also必须一起出现。单独出现but also是可能的，此时表示的是转折，参见大全74 All-terrain vehicles have allowed vacationers to reach many previously inaccessible areas, but they have also been blamed for causing hundreds of deaths, injury to thousands,

4、 and seriously damaging the nations recreational areas. (A) deaths, injury to thousands, and seriously damaging (B) deaths and injuring thousands, and serious damage to (C) deaths, thousands who are injured, as well as seriously damaging (D) deaths and thousands of injuries, as well as doing serious

5、 damage to (E) deaths, thousands are injured, and they do serious damage to 1.在正常语序中: not only but also 应连接两个相对称的并列成分。例如： Not only Mr Lin but also his son joined the Party two years ago. （连接两个主语）I not only play tennis but also practise shooting. （连接两个谓语动词） He plays not only the piano but also the vi

6、olin. （连接两个宾语） 在正常语序(有例外)中: 短语本身不可以加入其它成份，比如变成：not only.but it also.是错误的（因为破坏了平衡）。 125.The winds that howl across the Great Plains not only blow away valuable topsoil, thereby reducing the potential crop yield of a tract of land, and also damage or destroy young plants. (A) and also damage or destro

7、y (B) as well as damaging or destroying (C) but they also cause damage or destroy (D) but also damage or destroy(E) but also causing damage or destroying 2. not only but also 连接两个主语时，谓语动词要和与其最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。例如：Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan. / Not only the teacher but

8、 also the students were against the plan. 3. not only but also 不能用在否定句中。例如： 误： They dont fear not only hardship but also death. 正： They fear neither hardship nor death. 正： They dont fear either hardship or death. 4. not only but also 连接两个分句，并且 not only 位于句首时，第一个分句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装。例如： Not only does the s

9、un give us light, but also it gives us heat. （2）倒装一完全倒装1. 表语在句首要倒装：介词短语/分词短语/形容词短语+系动词+主语（主语与前面的动词主谓一致）1) 介词短语在句首Among the people was a man named Brown. 在这些人中有一个叫布朗的人。On the top of the hill stands an old temple. 这山顶上有一座庙。2) 分词作表语过去分词（有时构成被动结构的过去分词）提前到句首，引起倒装构成进行时态的现在分词也可以提到前面来-张道真(正常语序看是进行时态)Helping

10、 them raise their artistic level are various professorial organizations.Visiting the Great Wall were 200 American college students.现在分词提前到句首引起倒装要和动名词作主语区别开来下面例句是动名词作主语：Teaching English is my job. 3) 形容词短语放句首Present at the meeting is our English teacher. (Present出席的，在场的)Gone are the days when we had

11、a good time at the mountain village. (Gone 离去的)2. 为了保持句子平行或上下文的连接更紧密，也可以采用倒装.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.主语有过多修饰语亦可采用完全倒装Noteworthy is the fact that he has talent for music.二部分倒装1. 一些表示频率的副词(如many a time, often等)位于句首时 ,句子部分倒装.Often did we go for walks together. / M

12、any a time have I told him about it.2. 用于“no soonerthan, hardlywhen和not until等结构中” No sooner had he arrived than someone called him.他一到就有人给他打电话3. 用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句(把were, had, should放在主语前构成倒装)Were I you ( = If I were you ), I would not accept his present.Had you ( = If you had ) studied hard, you migh

13、t have passed the exam this time.4. 用于“形容词/名词/动词+as (though)”引导的让步状语从句，例如：形容词：Pretty as she is（=As pretty as she is=though she is pretty）, she is not clever at all.动词：Try as he could, he might fail again.名词：Child as he was, he had to sell newspapers in the streets.5. 否定副词（never, not, seldom, hardly,

14、 neither, nor, scarcely, rarely, no longer, barely, little）Barely did he have time to catch the bus.Never have I been to Beijing.6. So / Such 引导的倒装句So kind is she that she deserves all my respect.(全倒装)So loudly did he speak that everyone could hear him.7. Only在句首强调状语Only when the meeting is over can

15、 we know the decision.(3) 标点符号 （具体需Manhattan第十章补充）Dash破折号：The dash (-) is a flexible punctuation mark that the GMAT occasionally employs. You can use a dash as an emphatic comma, semicolon or colon.For instance, you should use dashes to separate an appositive from an item in a listYou can also use t

16、he dash to restate or explain an earlier part of the sentence. Unlike the colon, the dash does not need to be immediately preceded by the part needing explanation.manhattan没找到， 网上搜了分号，冒号的用法只遇到一道涉及破折号的题，考的不是标点，而是固定搭配。结构是这样的：., so adj and so adj- 一个名词性插入成分-that. 划线从破折号前道that之后某处，但考的其实就是so that.(A 选项不是

17、so that),直接找有that的选项（就一个，其他的后面都是and什么的）。xbabylon（v40）semicolon分号：是名副其实的分隔号，它不能用于完结一个句子，它通常用于并列的分句之间。一般来说，分号的作用介于句号与逗号之间，用分号隔开的两部分之间的关系，比用句号分开的紧密，但不及用逗号分开的紧密。用于并列分句之间，以分隔（通常）没有连词连接的主要从句，这些从句被认为是关系密切而属于一个句子。Colon冒号：是一个补充、连贯的符号，被用来引起读者注意下文。1.9.1 Punctuation (manhattan)Punctuation is the practice in wri

18、ting of using a set of marks to regulate texts and clarify their meanings, mainly by separating or linking words, phrases and clauses. Currently, punctuation is not used as heavily as in the past. Punctuation styles vary from individual, newspaper to newspaper and press to press, in terms of what th

19、ey consider necessary.Improper punctuation can create ambiguities or misunderstandings in writing, especially when the comma is misused. For example, consider the following examples:“They did not go, because they were lazy.” In this case, the people in question did not go for one reason: “because th

20、ey were lazy.” But consider the sentence again:“They did not go because they were lazy.” In this case, without the comma, the people probably DID go, but not because they were lazy, for some other reason (they did not go because they were lazy, they went because they were tired).Periods and Commas(1

21、) Periods and Commas: the most common form of punctuation. The period ends a sentence, whereas the comma marks out associated words within sentences. Commas are used for pauses, prepositional phrases, and appositive clauses offset from the rest of the sentence to rename a proper noun (Thomas, a bake

22、r,); they are the rest stop in English language.(2) Colons, Semicolons, and Dashes: Many people avoid the use of colon and semicolon, because of uncertainty as to their precise uses. In less formal writing, the dash is often used to take the place of both the colon and the semi-colon. The rule is th

23、at both colons and semicolons must follow a complete independent clause. A semicolon must be followed by another complete clause, either dependent or independent. A colon may be followed by a list or phrase, or by a complete clause. The APOSTROPHE () used to show possession: Those books are Thomass

24、books. The COLON (:) is normally used in a sentence to lead from one idea to its consequences or logical continuation. The colon is used to lead from one thought to another. The SEMICOLON (;) is normally used to link two parallel statements. Consider the following examples: COLON: “There was no trut

25、h in the accusation: they rejected it utterly.” Points to a cause/effect relationship, as a result of . SEMICOLON: “There was no truth in the accusation; it was totally false.” (Here two parallel statements are linked“no truth” and “totally false”. In the COLON example, the consequence is stated aft

26、er the insertion of the colon). Re-states initial premise, creates relation between disparate parts Technically these sentences could be broken down into two separate sentences and they would remain grammatically sound. But two sentences here would suggest separateness (which in speech the voice wou

27、ld convey with a longer pause) that is not always appropriate. HYPHENS or DASHES: The hyphen or dash is perhaps most important in order to avoid ambiguity, and is used to linkwords. Consider the following example: “Fifty-odd people” and “Fifty odd people”. When the hyphen is used, the passage means

28、“approximately fifty people.” But the second passage means “fifty strange people”.Otherwise, the use of the hyphen is declining. It was formerly used to separate vowels (co-ordinate, make-up), but this practice is disappearing.For example: House plant house-plant houseplant（4）长主语辨别谓语单复数的有个has和have选的

29、，A of B的复杂主语，记得是has。（5）比较1. 倍数：白勇GMAT语法全解中说过“.times + 形容词/副词比较级 + than.”属于有争议的结构，因为产生歧义。标准书面语中避免使用此结构。“.times + as+形容词/副词+as 则常用。（但OG有题证明两种都可以）2. as或than引导比较从句中的省略原则-from 白勇语法1) 比较从句谓语与主句谓语相同，可用do，did，does代替。2) 比较从句连系动词be与主句连系动词be相同，可以省略be，也可以不省略。3) 主语谓语动词短语使用“助动词（如have，has，had，will）或情态动词（can，could，

30、may，should）+verb”形式时，比较从句往往省略verb，保留助动词或情态动词。4) 比较从句的主语和谓语与主句的主语和谓语相同时，可以全部省去，常常保留做状语的介词短语或状语从句。5) 比较从句的主语与主句主语相同，可以省略。对主谓宾全的句型主语比较： A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）介宾比较 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）宾语比较 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词）状语比较A do

31、sth than usual/everbefore/people expected(直接加状语）ETS就这几下子，原则就是清楚地指示什么跟什么比。按照这个原理，对下一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别I eat apple faster than you do如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。AS族的比较大同小异，as 可单独引导比较，也可以复合成as many as, as hard as 等形式，但ETS宗旨不变，如Sand road costs twice as many to build as to manintain(类似于介宾比较）Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主语比较,）Sand road costs the govement twice as many to build as the residents.(宾语比较）ETS考过AS比较的习惯用法（不受上