Therelativepriceofmanufactures↑,(PM/PF)2>(PM/PF)1
TheProductionPointshiftsfromPoint1toPoint2.
Theoutputofmanufacturesriseswhilethatoffoodfalls.
5.Chapter3P55在特定要素模型里贸易的结果(图3—11)
Assumptionsofthemodel:
Assumethatbothcountries(JapanandAmerica)havethesamerelativedemandcurve.
Therefore,theonlysourceofinternationaltradeisthedifferencesinrelativesupply.Therelativesupplymightdifferbecausethecountriescoulddifferin:
—Technology
—Factorsofproduction(capital,land,labor)
SupposethatJapanhasmorecapitalperworkerthanAmerica,whileAmericahasmorelandperworkerthanJapan.
Asaresult,thepretraderelativepriceofmanufacturesinJapanislowerthanthepretraderelativepriceinAmerica.Japan'srelativesupplycurveliestotherightofAmerica's.
TradeandRelativePrices
Whenthetwoeconomiestrade,theworldrelativesupplycurveRSWorldliesbetweenthetwonationalcurves.
Internationaltradeleadstoaconvergenceofrelativeprices.
6.Chapter4P75-76赫克歇尔模型对要素、产出的影响
7.Chapter4P78赫克歇尔模型的结论(对贸易的影响):
各国倾向于出口国内充裕资源密集型的产品
8.Chapter4P79赫克歇尔模型对收入分配的结论
赫克歇尔模型:
(要素比例理论)
一个国家充裕要素的所有者可以从贸易中获利,稀缺要素的所有者会因贸易而受损(P79国际贸易收入分配效应的一般结论)
9.Chapter4P83李昂惕夫悖论
李昂惕夫悖论—美国出口产品的资本密集型程度要低于其进口产品的资本密集型程度。
10.Chapter5P97标准模型中的生产、消费和贸易
11.Chapter5P100世界相对供给和相对价格(图5—5)
12.Chapter5P101偏向性经济增长
偏向性经济增长—如果生产可能性边界在一个方向上扩张的幅度大于在另一个方向上扩张的幅度,就会产生偏向性经济增长。
Biasedgrowth—TakesplacewhenTTshiftsoutmoreinonedirectionthanintheother.
▪Ineachcasetheeconomyisabletoproducemoreofbothgoods.
▪Butatanunchangedrelativepriceofcloththeoutputoffoodactuallyfallswhenthegrowthisbiasedtowardcloth,
•whiletheoutputofclothactuallyfallswhenthegrowthisbiasedtowardfood.
•
13.Chapter5P103福利恶化型增长
福利恶化型增长:
发展中国家的出口偏向型增长会使得它们的贸易条件恶化,以至于它们的福利水平比经济增长前还要低。
这种情形被经济学家称为福利恶化型增长。
Immiserizinggrowth—Asituationwhereexport-biasedgrowthbypoornationscanworsentheirtermsoftradesomuchthattheywouldbeworseoffthaniftheyhadnotgrownatall.
–Itcanoccurunderextremeconditions:
Stronglyexport-biasedgrowthmustbecombinedwithverysteepRSandRDcurves.
–Itisregardedbymosteconomistsasmoreatheoreticalpointthanareal-worldissue.
14.Chapter6P123外部规模经济、内部规模经济
外部规模经济:
指的是单位产品成本取决于行业规模而非单个厂商的规模
内部规模经济:
指的是单位产品成本取决于单个厂商的规模而不是其所在的行业规模
Externaleconomiesofscale—Thecostperunitdependsonthesizeoftheindustrybutnotnecessarilyonthesizeofanyonefirm.
–Theindustrybecomeslarger,eventhougheachfirmisthesamesizeasbefore.(厂商效率的提高是由于更大的行业规模,尽管各厂商规模并没有变化)
Internaleconomiesofscale—Thecostperunitdependsonthesizeofanindividualfirmbutnotnecessarilyonthatoftheindustry.
–Afirm’soutputislarger.(单个厂商产出越多,效率越高)
15.Chapter6P123外部规模经济、内部规模经济的影响
Externaleconomiesofscale—Anindustrywilltypicallyconsistofmanysmallfirmsandbeperfectlycompetitive.
Internaleconomiesofscale—Themarketstructurewillbeimperfectlycompetitivewithlargefirmshavingacostadvantageoversmall.
16.Chapter6P133大市场的影响
17.Chapter6P137收益递增
•Inaworldwithouteconomiesofscale,HomeexportsmanufacturesandimportsfoodwhileForeignistheopposite.
▪Assumethatneithercountryisabletoproducethefullrangeofmanufacturedproductsbyitselfduetoeconomiesofscale.
•Worldtradewillconsistoftwoparts:
–Intraindustrytrade
–Theexchangeofmanufacturesformanufactures
–Interindustrytrade
–Theexchangeofmanufacturesforfood
18.Chapter6P138行业间贸易与行业内贸易的不同
19.Chapter7P163国际劳动力流动的结果