国经考点上册.docx

1、国经考点上册1.Chapter2 P14 机会成本：经济学家用机会成本这一概念来描述这种产品之间的替代。Opportunity CostThe opportunity cost of a good (say roses) in terms of another (say computers) is the number of the latter (namely computers) that could be produced with the same resources as a given number of the former (namely roses).2.Chapter2 P

2、15 比较优势：如果一个国家在本国生产一种产品的机会成本（用其他产品来衡量）低于在其他国家生产该种产品的机会成本的话，则这个国家在生产该种产品上就拥有比较优势。Comparative AdvantageA country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries.3. Chapter2 P24

3、 李嘉图模型的结论：当两个国家都分别只专门生产本国拥有比较优势的产品时，两个国家都能从贸易中获益。不要把比较优势与绝对优势弄混淆，是比较优势而不是绝对优势决定了谁将生产和应该生产某种商品。(a)If countries specialize according to their comparative advantage, they all gain from this specialization and trade.(b)It is comparative, not absolute, advantange that determines who will and should produ

4、ce some good.4.Chapter3 P51 制造品相对价格的变化对产出的影响（图38）The wage rate (w) does not rise as much as PM since manufacturing employment increases and thus the marginal product of labor in that sector falls.For example,P1M(1+7%)MPL1M(1-2%) (PM/PF)1 The Production Point shifts from Point 1 to Point 2.The output

5、 of manufactures rises while that of food falls.5.Chapter3 P55 在特定要素模型里贸易的结果（图311）Assumptions of the model：Assume that both countries (Japan and America) have the same relative demand curve.Therefore, the only source of international trade is the differences in relative supply. The relative supply m

6、ight differ because the countries could differ in:TechnologyFactors of production (capital, land, labor)Suppose that Japan has more capital per worker than America, while America has more land per worker than Japan.As a result, the pretrade relative price of manufactures in Japan is lower than the p

7、retrade relative price in America. Japans relative supply curve lies to the right of Americas.Trade and Relative PricesWhen the two economies trade, the world relative supply curve RSWorld lies between the two national curves.International trade leads to a convergence of relative prices.6.Chapter4 P

8、75-76 赫克歇尔模型对要素、产出的影响7.Chapter4 P78 赫克歇尔模型的结论（对贸易的影响）：各国倾向于出口国内充裕资源密集型的产品8.Chapter4 P79 赫克歇尔模型对收入分配的结论赫克歇尔模型：（要素比例理论）一个国家充裕要素的所有者可以从贸易中获利，稀缺要素的所有者会因贸易而受损（P79 国际贸易收入分配效应的一般结论）9.Chapter4 P83 李昂惕夫悖论李昂惕夫悖论美国出口产品的资本密集型程度要低于其进口产品的资本密集型程度。10.Chapter5 P97 标准模型中的生产、消费和贸易11.Chapter5 P100 世界相对供给和相对价格（图55）12.Ch

9、apter5 P101 偏向性经济增长偏向性经济增长如果生产可能性边界在一个方向上扩张的幅度大于在另一个方向上扩张的幅度，就会产生偏向性经济增长。Biased growthTakes place when TT shifts out more in one direction than in the other. In each case the economy is able to produce more of both goods. But at an unchanged relative price of cloth the output of food actually falls

10、when the growth is biased toward cloth, while the output of cloth actually falls when the growth is biased toward food. 13.Chapter5 P103 福利恶化型增长福利恶化型增长：发展中国家的出口偏向型增长会使得它们的贸易条件恶化，以至于它们的福利水平比经济增长前还要低。这种情形被经济学家称为福利恶化型增长。Immiserizing growthA situation where export-biased growth by poor nations can worse

11、n their terms of trade so much that they would be worse off than if they had not grown at all. It can occur under extreme conditions: Strongly export-biased growth must be combined with very steep RS and RD curves. It is regarded by most economists as more a theoretical point than a real-world issue

12、.14.Chapter6 P123 外部规模经济、内部规模经济外部规模经济：指的是单位产品成本取决于行业规模而非单个厂商的规模内部规模经济：指的是单位产品成本取决于单个厂商的规模而不是其所在的行业规模External economies of scaleThe cost per unit depends on the size of the industry but not necessarily on the size of any one firm. The industry becomes larger, even though each firm is the same size as

13、 before.（厂商效率的提高是由于更大的行业规模，尽管各厂商规模并没有变化）Internal economies of scaleThe cost per unit depends on the size of an individual firm but not necessarily on that of the industry. A firms output is larger.（单个厂商产出越多，效率越高）15.Chapter6 P123 外部规模经济、内部规模经济的影响External economies of scaleAn industry will typically c

14、onsist of many small firms and be perfectly competitive.Internal economies of scaleThe market structure will be imperfectly competitive with large firms having a cost advantage over small.16.Chapter6 P133 大市场的影响17.Chapter6 P137 收益递增 In a world without economies of scale, Home exports manufactures an

15、d imports food while Foreign is the opposite. Assume that neither country is able to produce the full range of manufactured products by itself due to economies of scale. World trade will consist of two parts: Intraindustry trade The exchange of manufactures for manufactures Interindustry trade The exchange of manufactures for food18.Chapter6 P138 行业间贸易与行业内贸易的不同19.Chapter7 P163 国际劳动力流动的结果