武汉大学考博《英语》真题及标准答案.docx

武汉大学考博《英语》真题及标准答案.docx

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武汉大学考博《英语》真题及标准答案

2015年武汉大学考博《英语》真题

（总分：

100.00，做题时间：

90分钟）

一、ReadingComprehension（总题数：

5，分数：

40.00）

Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneformofequality,wefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheOldTestamentistheexpression:

"aneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth."Thatis,theindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffenceagainstsociety.Tomakeupforhisoffence,societymustgeteven.Thiscanbedoneonlybydoinganequalinjurytohim.Thisconceptionofretributivejusticeisrefleetedinmanypartsofthelegaldocumentsandproceduresofmoderntimes.Itisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohadcommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegel.Hebelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltogiveapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted.Thecriminalhadbyhisownactionsdeniedhistrueselfanditisnecessa

rytodosomethingthatwillcounteractthisdenialandrestoretheselfthathasbeendenied.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphisownwillpayhisdebt.Thedemandofthedeathpenaltyisarightthestateowesthecriminalanditshouldnotdenyhimhisdue.Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplaceretributivejusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizemebestthatisinhim.Thecriminalisregardedasbeingsociallyillandinneedoftreatmentthatwillenablehimtobecomeanormalmemberofsociety.Beforeatreatmentcanbeadministered,thecourseofhisantisocialbehaviormustbefound.Ifthecausecanberemoved,provisionsmustbemadetohavethisdone.Onlythosecriminalswhoareincurableshouldbepermanentlyseparatedfromtherestofthesociety.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcriminalswilles

capepunishmentorbequicklyreturnedtotakeupcareersofcrime.Itmeansthatjusticeistohealtheindividual,notsimplytogetevenwithhim.Ifseverepunishmentistheonlyadequatemeansforaccompanyingthis,itshouldbeadministered.However,theindividualshouldbegiveneveryopportunitytoassumeanormalplaceinsociety.Hisconvictionofcrimemustnotdeprivehimoftheopportunitytomakehiswayinthesocietyofwhichheisapart.（分数：

8.00）

（1）.Thebesttitleforthispassagein______.（分数：

2.00）

A.FittingPunishmenttotheCrime

B.ApproachestoJustPunishment√

C.ImprovementinLegalJustice

D.AttainingJusticeintheCourts

【解析】本题为主旨题。

根据文章开头"Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty．"可以判定，本段的主题是B。

（2）.Thepassageimpliesthatthebasicdifferencebetweenretributivejusticeandcorrectivejusticeisthe______.（分数：

2.00）

A.typeofcrimethatwasproven

B.severityofthepunishment

C.reasonforthesentence√

D.outcomeofthetrial

【解析】本题为推断题。

两种司法审判类型不同的根本原因在于司法理念的不同。

Retributivejustice认为：

"…regardedasoneformofequality"（司法公正是一种平等的形式），而Correctivejustice则认为"Theaimofitisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit．Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebestthatisinhim．"（司法公正并不是不要平等，而是要找到一个更充分地表达平等的方式），所以两者之间最主要的差异应该是判刑的原因。

（3）.Thepunishmentthatwouldbemostinconsistentwiththeviewsofcorrectivejusticewouldbe______.（分数：

2.00）

A.forcedlabour

B.imprisonment

C.fairsentence

D.theelectricchair√

【解析】本题为推断题。

根据"correctivejustice"的理论，要先找出犯人犯罪的原因并想办法消除它；对犯人可以采取严厉的惩罚，但惩罚是为使犯人改过，不是为了使其得到相应的报应，四个选项中D项是极端的做法，不符合此理论。

（4）.TheBiblicalexpression"aneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth"waspresentedinorderto______.（分数：

2.00）

A.provethatequalitydemandsjustpunishment

B.justifiestheneedforpunishmentasapartoflaw

C.givemoralbacktoretributivejustice

D.showthatmanhaslongbeeninterestedinjustice√

【解析】本题为细节理解题。

本文是说明文，作者没有表达或反驳任何观点，只是做了介绍说明，所以A、B、C三项都是错误的。

Farmersinthedevelopingworldhatepricefluctuations.Itmakesithardtoplanahead.Butmostofthemhavelittlechoice:

theysellatthepricethemarketsets.FarmersinEurope,theU.S.andJapanareluckier:

theyreceivemassivegovernmentsubsidiesintheformofguaranteedpricesordirecthandouts.LastmonthU.S.PresidentBushsignedanewfarmbillthatgivesAmericanfarmers$190billionoverthenext10years,or$83billionmorethantheyhadbeenscheduledtoget,andpushesU.S.agriculturalsupportclosetocrazyEuropeanlevels.Bushsaidthestepisnecessaryto"promotefarmerindependenceandpreservethefarmwayoflifeforgenerations".ItisalsodesignedtohelptheRepublicanPartywincontroloftheSenateinNovember'smid-termelections.Agriculturalproductioninmostpoorcountriesaccountsforupto50%ofGDP,comparedtoonly3%inrichcountries.Butmostfarmersinpoorcountriesgrowjustenoughforthemselvesandtheirfamilies.ThosewhotryexportingtotheWe

stfindtheirgoodswhackedwithhugetariffsorcompetingagainstcheapersubsidizedgoods.In1999theUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopmentconcludedthatforeachdollardevelopingcountriesreceiveinaidtheyloseupto$14justbecauseoftradebarriersimposedontheexportoftheirmanufacturedgoods.It'snotasifthedevelopingworldwantsanyfavours,saysUganda'sMinisterofFinance."Whatwewantisfortherichcountriestoletuscomplete."AgricultureisoneofthefewareasinwhichtheThirdWorldcancompete.Landandlabourarecheap,andasfarmingmethodsdevelop,newtechnologiesshouldimproveoutput.Thisisnopie-in-the-skyspeculation.ThebiggestsuccessinKenya'seconomyoverthepastdecadehasbeentheboominexportsofcutflowersandvegetablestoEurope.Butthatmayallchangein2008,whenKenyawillbeslightlytoorichtoqualifyforthe"least-developedcountry"statusthatallowsAfricanproducerstoavoidpayingstiffEuropeanimportdutiesonsel

ectedagriculturalproducts.Withtradebarriersinplace,thehorticultureindustryinKenyawillshrivelasquicklyasadiscardedrose.Andwhileagricultureexportsremainthegreathopeforpoorcountries,reducingtradebarriersinothersectorsalsoworks:

American'sAfricanGrowthandOpportunityAct,whichcutsdutiesonexportsofeverythingfromhandicraftstoshoes,hasprovenaboontoAfrica'smanufacturers.Thelesson:

theThirdWorldcanprosperiftherichworldgivesitafairgo.ThisiswhatmakesBush'sdecisiontoincreasefarmsubsidieslastmonthallthemoredepressing.Poorcountrieshavelongsuspectedthattherichworldurgestradeliberalizationonlysoitcanwangleitswayintonewmarkets.SuchsuspicionscausedtheSeattletradetalkstobreakdownthreeyearsago.ButlastNovembermembersoftheWorldTradeOrganization,meetinginDoha,Qatar,finallyagreedtoanewroundoftalksdesignedtoopenupglobaltradeinagricultureandtextiles.Richcountriesassuredpoorco

untries,thattheirconcernswerefinallybeingaddressed.Bush'sHandoutlastmonthmakesalieofAmerica'scommitmenttothosetalksandhispersonaldevotiontofreetrade.（分数：

8.00）

（1）.Bycomparison,farmers______receivemoregovernmentsubsidiesthanothers.（分数：

2.00）

A.inthedevelopingworld

B.inJapan

C.inEurope√

D.inAmerica

【解析】本题为细节题。

短文第一段中说：

"FarmersinEurope，theU．S．andJapanareluckier：

theyreceivemassivegovernmentsubsidiesintheformofguaranteedpricesordirecthandouts．"即欧洲、美国及日本的农民更幸运些，他们接受了大量的政府补贴，如有保障的价格或者直接的救济。

可见欧洲位于首位。

后文又有"…pushesU．S．agriculturalsupportclosetocrazyEuropeanlevels．"指的是新农业议案使得美国的农业资助接近于疯狂的欧洲水平，说明欧洲的农民接受政府补贴最多。

（2）.Inadditiontotheeconomicconsiderations,thereisa______motivebehindBush'ssigningofthenewfarmbill.（分数：

2.00）

A.partisan√

B.social

C.financial

D.cultural

【解析】本题为细节题。

短文第一段末尾说：

"It'salsodesignedtohelptheRepublicanPartywincontroloftheSenateinNovember'smidtermelections．"原来，议案还旨在帮组布什所在的民主党赢得对参议院的控制权，因而它有"党派（partisan）的动机"。

（3）.Themessagethewriterattemptstoconverythroughoutthepassageisthat______.（分数：

2.00）

A.poorcountriesshouldbegivenequalopportunitiesintrade√

B.theleast-developedcountrystatusbenefitsagriculturalcountries

C.poorcountriesshouldremovetheirsuspicionsabouttradeliberalization

D.farmersinpoorcountriesshouldalsoreceivethebenefitofsubsidies

【解析】本题为主旨题。

文中第二段引用乌干达财政部长的话：

"Whatwewantisfortherichcountriestoletuscompete．"即希望富国能让他们竞争；第三段讲了肯尼亚园艺工业曾经的发展及如今所面临的贸易障碍，由此得出一个教训：

"Thelesson：

thethirdworldcanprosperiftherichworldgivesitafairgo．"意思是富国若给一个公平的机会，第三世界就会繁荣起来，这与选项A相符。

（4）.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsnewfarmsubsidiesintheU.S.is______.（分数：

2.00）

A.favourable

B.ambiguous

C.critical√

D.reserved

【解析】本题为判断推理题。

可从最后一段中的几句话得出答案。

"ThisiswhatmakesBush'sdecisiontoincreasefarmsubsidieslastmonthallthemoredepressing．"说明布什的决定让人沮丧；另外，最后一句"Bush'shandoutlastmonthmakesalieofAmerica'scommitmenttothosetalksandhispersonaldevotiontofreetrade．"实质上是批评了布什是对其在多哈（Doha）会谈上所作的承诺的撒谎行为。

因此作者的态度是"批判性的"。

"Ineveryknownhumansocietythemale'sneedsforachievementcanberecognized...Inagreaternumberofhumansocietiesmen'ssurenessoftheirsexroleistiedupwiththeirright,orability,topracticesomeactivitythatwomenarenotallowedtopractice.Theirmalenessinfacthastobeunderwrittenbypreventingbypreventingwomenfromenteringsomefieldorperformingsomefeat."ThisistheconclusionofanthropologistMargaretMeadaboutthewayinwhichtherolesofmenandwomeninso