武汉大学考博《英语》真题及标准答案.docx

1、武汉大学考博英语真题及标准答案2015年武汉大学考博英语真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：40.00)Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earl

2、ier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression: an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can b

3、e done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is refleeted in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who had committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported

4、by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been de

5、nied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due. Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latte

6、r is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize me best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become

7、a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the course of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of the society. This d

8、oes not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the indi

9、vidual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.（分数：8.00）(1).The best title for this passage in_.（分数：2.00）A.Fitting Punishment to the CrimeB.Approaches t

10、o Just Punishment C.Improvement in Legal JusticeD.Attaining Justice in the Courts【解析】本题为主旨题。根据文章开头Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and theselection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty可以判定，本段的主题是B。(2).The passage implies that the basic difference betwe

11、en retributive justice and corrective justice is the_.（分数：2.00）A.type of crime that was provenB.severity of the punishmentC.reason for the sentence D.outcome of the trial【解析】本题为推断题。两种司法审判类型不同的根本原因在于司法理念的不同。Retributive justice认为：regarded as one form of equality(司法公正是一种平等的形式)，而Corrective justice则认为The

12、 aim of it is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express itIttries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him(司法公正并不是不要平等，而是要找到一个更充分地表达平等的方式)，所以两者之间最主要的差异应该是判刑的原因。(3).The punishment that would be most incons

13、istent with the views of corrective justice would be_.（分数：2.00）A.forced labourB.imprisonmentC.fair sentenceD.the electric chair 【解析】本题为推断题。根据corrective justice的理论，要先找出犯人犯罪的原因并想办法消除它；对犯人可以采取严厉的惩罚，但惩罚是为使犯人改过，不是为了使其得到相应的报应，四个选项中D项是极端的做法，不符合此理论。(4).The Biblical expression an eye for an eye, and a tooth

14、for a tooth was presented in order to_.（分数：2.00）A.prove that equality demands just punishmentB.justifies the need for punishment as a part of lawC.give moral back to retributive justiceD.show that man has long been interested in justice 【解析】本题为细节理解题。本文是说明文，作者没有表达或反驳任何观点，只是做了介绍说明，所以A、B、C三项都是错误的。Farme

15、rs in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U. S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct ha

16、ndouts. Last month U. S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $ 190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U. S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step is necessary to promote f

17、armer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in Novembers mid-term elections. Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But m

18、ost farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dolla

19、r developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $ 14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. Its not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Ugandas Minister of Finance. What we want is for the rich countries to let us complete. Agriculture

20、is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie-in-the-sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenyas economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowe

21、rs and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the least-developed country status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticu

22、lture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americans African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts

23、to shoes, has proven a boon to Africas manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go. This is what makes Bushs decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade libe

24、ralization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agric

25、ulture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bushs Handout last month makes a lie of Americas commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.（分数：8.00）(1).By comparison, farmers_receive more government subsidies than

26、others.（分数：2.00）A.in the developing worldB.in JapanC.in Europe D.in America【解析】本题为细节题。短文第一段中说：Farmers in Europe，the USand Japan are luckier：they receivemassive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts即欧洲、美国及日本的农民更幸运些，他们接受了大量的政府补贴，如有保障的价格或者直接的救济。可见欧洲位于首位。后文又有pushes USa

27、gricultural support close to crazy European levels指的是新农业议案使得美国的农业资助接近于疯狂的欧洲水平，说明欧洲的农民接受政府补贴最多。(2).In addition to the economic considerations, there is a_motive behind Bushs signing of the new farm bill.（分数：2.00）A.partisan B.socialC.financialD.cultural【解析】本题为细节题。短文第一段末尾说：Its also designed to help the

28、 Republican Party win control ofthe Senate in Novembers midterm elections原来，议案还旨在帮组布什所在的民主党赢得对参议院的控制权，因而它有党派(partisan)的动机。(3).The message the writer attempts to convery throughout the passage is that_.（分数：2.00）A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade B.the least-developed countr

29、y status benefits agricultural countriesC.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalizationD.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies【解析】本题为主旨题。文中第二段引用乌干达财政部长的话：What we want is for the rich countries tolet us compete即希望富国能让他们竞争；第三段讲了肯尼亚园艺工业曾经的发展及如

30、今所面临的贸易障碍，由此得出一个教训：The lesson：the third world can prosper if the rich world gives it afair go意思是富国若给一个公平的机会，第三世界就会繁荣起来，这与选项A相符。(4).The authors attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U. S. is_.（分数：2.00）A.favourableB.ambiguousC.critical D.reserved【解析】本题为判断推理题。可从最后一段中的几句话得出答案。This is what makes Bus

31、hs decision toincrease farm subsidies last month all the more depressing说明布什的决定让人沮丧；另外，最后一句Bushs handout last month makes a lie of Americas commitment to those talks and his personaldevotion to free trade实质上是批评了布什是对其在多哈(Doha)会谈上所作的承诺的撒谎行为。因此作者的态度是批判性的。In every known human society the males needs for

32、 achievement can be recognized. In a greater number of human societies mens sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat. This is the conclusion of anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in so