语言学单元自测11.docx

语言学单元自测11.docx

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语言学单元自测11

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.　

　　⒈L1developmentandL2developmentseemtoinvolvethesameprocesses.

　　⒉Thecapacitytoacquireone’sfirstlanguageisafundamentalhumantraitthatallhumanbeingsareequallywellpossessedwith.

　　⒊Allnormalchildrenhaveequalabilitytoacquiretheirfirstlanguage.

　　⒋Childrenfollowasimilaracquisitionscheduleofpredictablestagesalongtherouteoflanguagedevelopmentacrosscultures，thoughthereisanidiosyncraticvariationintheamountoftimethattakesindividualstomasterdifferentaspectsofthegrammar.

　　5.Humanscanbesaidtobepredisposedandbiologicallyprogrammedtoacquireatleastonelanguage.

　　6.Somelanguagesareinferior，orsuperior，tootherlanguages.

　　7.Languageacquisitionisprimarilytheacquisitionofthevocabularyandthemeaningoflanguage.

　　8.Humanbeingsaregeneticallypredeterminedtoacquirelanguage；thisgeneticpredispositionisasufficientconditionforlanguagedevelopment.

　　9.Childrenwhogrowupinculturewherecaretakerspeechisabsentacquiretheirnativelanguagemoreslowlythanchildrenwhoareexposedtocaretakerspeech.

　　10.Inmothertongueacquisition，normalchildrenarenotnecessarilyequallysuccessful.

　　11.Forthevastmajorityofchildren，languagedevelopmentoccursspontaneouslyandrequireslittleconsciousinstructiononthepartofadults.

　　12.Theavailableevidencetodateindicatesthatanexplicitteachingofcorrectformstoyoungchildrenplaysaminorroleatbest.

　　13.Correctionandreinforcementarenotkeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopmentastheywereclaimedtobe.

　　14.Imitationplaysatbestaveryminorroleinthechild’smasteryoflanguage.

　　15.Observationsofchildrenindifferentlanguageareasoftheworldrevealthatthedevelopmentalstagesaresimilar，possiblyuniversal，whateverthenatureoftheinput.

　　16.Achild’sbabblingseemstodependonthepresenceofacoustic，auditoryinput.

　　17.Ingeneral，thetwo-wordstagebeginsroughlyinthesecondhalfofthechild’sfirstyear.

　　18.Children’stwo-wordexpressionsareabsentofsyntacticormorphologicalmarkers.

　　19.Childrenfirstacquirethesoundsinalllanguagesoftheworld，nomatterwhatlanguagetheyareexposedto，andinlatestagesacquirethemoredifficultsounds.

　　20.Languageacquisitionbeginsataboutthesametimeaslateralizationdoesandisnormallycomplete，asfarastheessentialsareconcerned，bythetimethattheprocessoflateralizationcomestoanend.

　　II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.

　　21.Thefirstlanguagea____________referstothedevelopmentofafirstornativelanguage.

　　22.Accordingtoan__________viewoflanguageacquisition，humansarequippedwiththeneuralprerequisitesforlanguageandlanguageuse，justasbirdsarebiologicallypre-wiredtolearnthesongsoftheirspecies.

　　23.Acaretakerspeech，alsocalledm______orb______，isthetypeofmodifiedspeechtypicallyaddressedtoyoungchildren.

　　24.B_________learningtheorysuggestedthatachild’sverbalbehaviorwasconditionedthroughassociationbetweenastimulusandthefollowingresponse.

　　25.Children’sone-wordutterancesarealsocalledh__________sentences，becausetheycanbeusedtoexpressaconceptorpredicationthatwouldbeassociatedwithanentiresentenceinadultspeech.

　　26.Theearlymultiwordutterancesofchildrenlackinflectionalmorphemesandmostminorlexicalcategories，theyareoftenreferredtoast__________speech.

　　27.A___________referstothegradualandsubconsciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.

　　28.TheC________Analysiswasfoundedonthebeliefthatitwaspossible，byestablishingthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenthenativeandtargetlanguagesystems，topredictwhatproblemslearnersofaparticularsecondlanguagewouldfaceandthetypesoferrorstheywouldmake.

　　29.ThelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofSLAisknownasi_________.

　　30.Learnerssubconsciouslyusetheirfirstlanguageknowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.Thisisknownaslanguaget___________.

　　31.Motivationinlanguagelearningcanbedefinedintermsofthelearner’soverallgoalororientation.I_________motivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalisfunctionalandi________motivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalissocial.

　　III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Marktheonethatcanbestcompletethestatement：

　　32.　Infirstlanguageacquisition，imitationplays_________.

A.aminorroleB.asignificantrole

C.abasicroleD.norule

　　33.Linguistshavefoundthatforthevastmajorityofchildren，languagedevelopmentoccurs_____________.

A.withmuchimitationB.withlittleconsciousinstruction

C.withmuchcorrectionfromtheirparentsD.withlittlelinguisticinput

　　34.Thedevelopmentoflinguisticskillsinvolvestheacquisitionof____rulesratherthanthemerememorizationofwordsandsentences.

A.cultural　　　　　　B.grammatical

C.behaviour　　　　D.pragmatic

　　35.____hasbeenfoundtooccurusuallyinchildren'spronunciationorreportingofthetruthfulnessofutterances，ratherthaninthegrammaticalityofsentences.

A.PunishmentB.Instruction

C.Reinforcement　　　D.Imitation

　　36.Accordingtothe_______，theacquisitionofasecondlanguageinvolves，andisdependenton，theacquisitionofthecultureofthetargetlanguagecommunity.

A.acculturationviewB.mentalistview

C.behavioristviewD.conceptualistview

　　37.Ingeneral，agoodsecondlearnerisanadolescent________.

A.whohasastrongandwell-definedmotivationtolearn

B.whoseeksoutallchancestointeractwiththeinput

C.whoiswillingtoidentifyhimselfwiththecultureofthetargetlanguagecommunity

D.alltheabove

　　38.Theoptimumageforsecondlanguageacquisitionis________________.

A.earlyteenageB.afterpuberty

C.atpubertyD.afterthebrainlateralization

　　39.Theformalinstructioninsecondlanguageacquisition___________.

A.hasnoeffectatallB.hasapowerfuldelayedeffect

C.hasverylittleeffectD.hasunsatisfactoryeffect

　　40.________isbelievedtobeamajorsourceofincorrectformsresistanttofurtherinstruction.

A.Thesecondlanguagelearners’unwillingnesstolearn

B.Thepoorclassroomteaching

C.Thefossilizationofthelearner’sinterlanguage

D.Thelearner’slackofinstrumentalmotivation

　　41.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue？

A.Interlanguageisaproductofcommunicativestrategiesofthelearner.

B.Interlanguageisaproductofmothertongueinterference.

C.Interlanguageisaproductofovergeneralizationofthetargetlanguagerules.

D.Interlanguageistherepresentationoflearners’unsystematicL2rules.

　　42.　_________，exceptthosewithmentalorphysicalimpairments，arebetterorworsefirstlanguageacquirers.

A.SomemenB.Almostallmen

C.NomenD.Fewmen　

　　IV.Explainthefollowingterms.

43.caretakerspeech

44.holophrasticsentences

45.telegraphicspeech

46.secondlanguageacquisition

47.acquisition

48.learning

49.transfer

50.interlanguage

51.fossilization

52.instrumentalmotivation

53.integrativemotivation

54.acculturation

　　V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary.

　　55.What'sthedifferencebetweenacquisitionandlearning，accordingtoKrashen？

　　56.Howdothelearnerfactorspotentiallyinfluencethewayinwhichasecondlanguageisacquired？

　　57.WhatistheroleofinputforSLA？

　　58.Howdoyouunderstandinterlanguage？

　　59.Discussthecontrastiveanalysisindetail.

　　60.Whatarethemajorstagesthatachildhastofollowinfirstlanguagedevelopment？

Whatarethefeaturesofthelinguisticformsateachstage？

　　61.3Whatistheroleofcorrectionandreinforcementinfirstlanguageacquisition？

　　62.Whydowesaylanguageacquisitionisprimarilytheacquisitionofthegrammaticalsystemoflanguage？

　　63.Discussthebiologicalbasisoflanguageacquisition.

　　64.Whatistheroleofimitationinfirstlanguageacquisition？

SuggestedAnswers

　　I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.

l.F2.T3.T4.T5.T6.F7.F8.F9.F10.F

11.T12.T13.T14.T15.T16.F17.F18.T19.T20.T

　　II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.

21.acquisition22.nativist23.motherese，babytalk24.Behaviorist

25.holophrastic26.telegraphic27.Acquisition28.Contrastive

29.interlanguage30.transfer31.Instrumental，integrative

　　III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Marktheonethatcanbestcompletethestatement.

32.A33.B34.B35.C36.A

37.D38.A39.B40.C41.D

42.C

　　IV.Explainthefollowingterms.

　　43.Caretakerspeech：

Itisthemodifiedspeechtypicallyaddressedtoyoungchildren.Suchmodifiedspeechiscalledbabytalk，motherese，orparentese.

　　44.Holophrasticsentences：

Theyarechildren'sone-wordutterances.Theyarecalledholophrasticsentences，becausetheycanbeusedtoexpressaconceptorpredicationthatwouldbeassociatedwithanentiresentenceinadultspeech.

　　45.Telegraphicspeech：

Theyaretheearlymultiwordutterancesofchildrenwhichtypicallylackinflectionalmorphemesandmostminorlexicalcategories.Somefunctionwordsarealtogethermissing.Whatoccurinthesemultiwordutterancesareusuallythe"substantive"or"content"wordsthatcarrythemainmessage.Becauseoftheirresemblancetothestyle