了解中国的崛起英文版个别单词翻译.docx

了解中国的崛起英文版个别单词翻译.docx

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了解中国的崛起英文版个别单词翻译

Theworldchangewithreallyremarkable（卓越的）speed.Ifyoulookatthechartatthetophere,you'llseethatin2025,theseGoldmanSachsprojectionssuggestthattheChineseeconomywillbealmostthesamesizeastheAmericaneconomy.Andyoulookatthechartfor2050,it'sprojected（投射的）thattheChineseeconomywillbetwicethesizeoftheAmericaneconomy,andtheIndianeconomywillbealmostthesamesizeastheAmericaneconomy.AndweshouldbearinmindherethattheseprojectionweredrawnupbeforetheWesternfinancialcrisis.Acoupleofweeksago,IwaslookingatthelatestprojectionbyBNPParibasforwhenChinawillhavealargereconomythantheUnitedStates.GoldmanSachsprojected2027.Thepost-crisisprojectionis2020.That'sjustadecadeaway.Chinaisgoingtochangetheworldintwofundamental（基本的）respects.Firstofall,it'sahugedevelopingcountrywiththepopulationof1.3billionpeople,whichhasbeengrowingforover30yearsataround10percentayear.Andwithinadecade,itwillhavethelargesteconomyintheworld.Neverbeforeinthemodernerahasthelargesteconomyintheworldbeenthatofadevelopingcountry,ratherthanadevelopedcountry.Secondly,forthefirsttimeinthemodernera,thedominant（占优势的；统治的）countryintheworld--whichIthinkiswhatChinawillbecomewillbacknotfromtheWestandfromvery,verydifferentcivilizationalroots（根；根源）.NowIknowit'sawidespreadassumptionintheWestthat,ascountriesmodernize（使...现代化）,theyalsoWesternize（使西洋化）.Thisisaillusion（幻觉；错觉；错误的观点）.It'sanassumptionthatmodernity（现代性；现代的东西）isaproductsimplyofcompetition,marketsandtechnology.Itisnot;itisalsoshapedequallybyhistoryandculture.ChinaisnotliketheWest,anditwillnotbecomeliketheWest.Itwillremaininveryfundamentalrespectsverydifferent.Nowbigquestionhereisobviously,howdowemakesenseofChina?

HowdowetrytounderstandwhatChinais?

AndtheproblemwehaveintheWestatthemomentby-and-large（大体上；总的来说）isthattheconventional（传统的）approachisthatweunderstanditreallyinWesternterms,usingWesternideas.Wecan't.NowIwanttoofferyouthreebuildingblocksfortryingtounderstandwhatChinaislike--justasabeginnning.Thefirstisthis,thatChinaisnotreallyanationstate.Okay,it'scalleditselfanationstateforthelasthundredyears.ButeveryonewhoknowsanythingaboutChinaknowsit'salotolderthanthis.ThiswaswhatChinalookedlikewiththevictoryoftheQinDynastyin221B.C.attheendofthewarring（交战的；敌对的）stateperiodic（周期的）--thebirthofmodernChina.Andyoucanseeitagainsttheboundaries（边界）ofmodernChina.Orimmediatelyafterward,theHanDynasty（王朝）,still2,000yearsago.AndyoucanseealreadyitoccupiesmostofwhatwenowknowasEasternChina,whichiswherethevastmajorityofChineselivedthenandlivenow.Nowwhatisextraordinaryaboutthisis,whatgivesChinait'ssenseofbeingChina,whatgivestheChinesethesenseofwhatitistobeChinese,comesnotfromthelasthundredyears,notfromthenationstateperiodic,whichiswhathappenedintheWest,butfromtheperiod,ifyoulike,ofthecivilizationstate.I'mthinkinghere,forexample,ofcustomslikeancestral（祖先的）worship（崇拜；尊敬）,ofaverydistinctive（有特色的；与众不同的）notion（概念）ofthestate,likewise（同样地）,averydistinctivenotionoffamily,socialrelationshipslikeguanxi,Confucian（儒家的）valuesandsoon.Theseareallthingsthatcomefromtheperiodofthecivilizationstate.Inotherwords,China,unliketheWesternstatesandmostcountriesintheworld,isshapedbyitssenseofcivilization,itsexistenceasacivilizationstate,ratherthanasanationstate.Andthere'soneotherthingtoaddtothis,andthatisthis.OfcourseweknowChina'sbig,huge,demographically（人口统计）andgeographically（在地理上）,withapopulationof1.3billionpeople.Whatweoftenaren'treallyawareofisthefactthatChinaisextremelydiverseandverypluralistic（多元化的）,andinmanywaysverydecentralized（分散的）.Youcan'trunaplaceonthisscalesimplyfromBeijing,eventhoughwethinkthistobethecase.It'sneverbeenthecase.SothisisChina,acivilizationstate,ratherthananationstate.Andwhatdoesitmean?

WellIthinkithasallsortsof（各种各样的）profound（深厚的；意义深远的）implications（含义）.I'llgiveyoutwoquickones.ThefirstisthatthemostimportantpoliticalvaluefortheChineseisunity,isthemaintenance（维护，保持）ofChinesecivilization.Youknow,2,000yearsago,Europe:

breakdown,thefragmentation（分裂）oftheHolyRomanEmpire.Itdivided,andit'sremaineddividedeversince.China,overthesametimeperiod,wentinexactlytheoppositedirection,verypainfullyholdingthishugecivilization,civilizationstatetogether.Thesecondismaybemoreprosaic（平凡的；乏味的）,whichisHongKong.Doyourememberthehandover（移交）ofHongKongbyBritaintoChinain1997?

YoumayrememberwhattheChineseconstitutional（宪法的）proposition（主题）was.Onecountry,twosystems.AndI'lllayawager（打赌）thatbarelyanyoneintheWestbelievedthem."Windowdressing（粉饰）.WhenChinagetsit'shandsonHongKong,thatwon'tbethecase."13yearson,thepoliticalandthelegalsysteminHongKongisasdifferentnowasitwasin1997.Wewerewrong.Whywerewewrong?

Wewerewrongbecausewethought,naturallyenough,innationstateways.ThinkofGermanunification,1990.Whathappened?

Well,basicallytheEastwasswallowedbytheWest.Onenation,onesystem.Thatisthenationstatementality（心态）.Butyoucan'trunacountrylikeChina,acivilizationstate,onthebasisofonecivilization,onesystem.Itdoesn'twork.SoactuallytheresponseofChinatothequestionofHongKong--asitwillbetothequestionofTaiwan--wasanaturalresponse:

onecivilization,manysystems.LetmeofferyouanotherbuildingblocktotryandunderstandChina--maybenotsuchacomfortableone.TheChinesehaveavery,verydifferentconception（概念）ofracetomostothercountries.Doyouknow,ofthe1.3billionChinese,over90percentofthemthinktheybelongtothesamerace,theHan.Nowthisiscompletelydifferentfromtheotherworld'smostpopulous（人口稠密的）countries.India,theUnitedStates,Indonesia,Brazil--allofthemaremultiracial.TheChinesedon'tfeellikethat.Chinaisonlymultiracialreallyatthemargins（边缘）.Sothequestionis,why?

Wellthereason,Ithink,essentially（本质上）is,again,backtothecivilizationstate.Ahistoryofatleast2,000years,ahistoryofconquest（征战）,occupation（占有）,absorption（吸收）,assimilation（同化）andsoon,ledtotheprocessbywhich,overtime,thisnotionofHanemerged（出现）--ofcourse,nurtured（养育）byagrowingandverypowerfulsenseofculturalidentity（文化身份；文化认同）.Nowthegreatadvantageofthishistoricalexperiencehasbeenthat,withouttheHan,Chinacouldneverhaveheldtogether.TheHanidentityhasbeenthecement（接合剂）whichhasheldthiscountrytogether.ThegreatdisadvantageofitthattheHanhaveaveryweakconceptionofculturaldifference.Theyreallybelieveintheirownsuperiority,andtheyaredisrespectfulofthosewhoarenot.Hence（因此）theirattitude,forexample,totheUyghursandtotheTibetans（藏族）.Orletmegiveyoumythirdbuildingblock,theChinesestate.NowtherelationshipbetweenthestateandsocietyinChinaisverydifferentfromthatintheWest.NowweintheWestoverwhelmingly（压倒性地）seemtothink--inthesedaysatleast--thattheauthority（权威）andlegitimacy（正统性）ofthestateisafunctionofdemocracy（民主）.TheproblemwiththispropositionisthattheChinesestateenjoysmorelegitimacyandmoreauthorityamongst（在...之中）theChinesethanistruewith（对...一样；对...也是真的）anyWesternstate.Andthereasonforthisisbecause--well,therearetworeasons,Ithink.Andit'sobviouslygotnothingtodowithdemocracy,becauseinourtermstheChinesecertainlydon'thaveademocracy.Andthereasonforthisis,firstly,becausethestateinChinaisgivenaveryspecial--itenjoysaveryspecialsignificance（意义；重要性）astherepresentative（代表）,theembodiment（体现）andtheguardian（保护人；守护者）ofChinesecivilization,ofthecivilizationstate.ThisisascloseasChinagetstoakindofspiritualrole.Andthesecondreasonisbecause,whereas（然而；鉴于；反之）inEuropeandNorthAmerica,thestate'spoweriscontinuously（连续不断地）challenged--ImeanintheEuropeantradition,historically（历史上地）againstthechurch（教会）,againstothersectors（分区；部门）ofthearistocracy（贵族）,againstmerchants（商人）andsoon--for1,000years,thepoweroftheChinesestatehasnotbeenchallenged.It'shadnoseriousrivals（对手）.Soyoucanseethatthewayinwhichpowerhasbeenconstructed（构建）inChinaisverydifferentfromourexperienceinWesternhistory.Theresult,bytheway,isthattheChinesehaveaverydifferentviewofthestate.Whereaswetendtoviewitasintruder（侵入者）,astranger,certainlyanorgan（机构）whosepowersneedtobelimitedordefined（确定的；清晰的）andconstrained（被强迫的，不舒服的）,theChinesedon'tseethestatelikethatatall.TheChineseviewthestateasanintimate（知己；至交）--notjustasanintimateactually,asamemberofthefamily--notjustinfactasamemberofthefamily,butastheheadofthefamily,thepatriarch（家长）ofthefamily.ThisistheChineseviewofthestate--very,verydifferenttoours.It'sembedded（嵌入）insocietyinadifferentkindofwaytowhatisthecaseintheWest.AndIwouldsuggesttoyouthatactuallywhatwearedealingwithhere,intheChinesecontext（环境）,isanewkindofparadigm（范例）,whichisdifferentfromanythingwe'vehadtothinkaboutinthepast.KnowthatChinabelievesinthemarketandthestate.Imean,AdamSmith,alreadywritinginthelate18thcenturysaid,"theChinesemarketislargerand