科技英语语法第二部分.docx
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科技英语语法第二部分
Chapter2WordCollocations(词汇搭配)
andSentenceMembers(句子成分)
I.WordCollocations(词汇搭配)
1.Setphrases(固定词组)—inaword,takeplace,asusual,asamatteroffact,…
2.Habitualcollocations(习惯搭配)
(1)Somenounsmustgowithdefiniteverbs.
质量improvethequality
效率raise[increase]theefficiency
提高能力increase[improve]theability
认识deepenone’sunderstanding
警惕enhance[heighten]thevigilance
成就[进步]makeachievements[progress]
一致意见reachcompleteagreementofviews
取得教训drawlessons
成功achievesuccess
同意obtainconsent
作一分析[比较;研究]
makeananalysis[acomparison;astudy]
作一介绍[描述;说明]
giveanintroduction[adescription;anexplanation]
(2)Someverbs,adjectives,andnounsmustgowithdefiniteprepositions.
Laserbeamsaresentatthemoon.
send
point
aimrush[冲向]
(vt.)shoot…at~(vi.)fireat~[向…开火]
emitshout[朝…欢呼]
throw
(be)representativeof=represent
(be)descriptiveof=describe
(be)characteristicof=characterize
(be)indicativeof=indicate
(be)symptomaticof=symptomize[symptomatize]
Emphasisshouldbelaidonthecollocationofanounwithapreposition,whichmaypresentmuchdifficultytotheChinesestudents,especiallyinwriting.
①Afixedprepositiongoesbeforeorafteranoun.
ⅰ.Beforeanoun
无线电波向四面八方传播。
Radiowavestravelinalldirections.
为此目的,大学生必须至少掌握一门外语。
Forthispurpose[Tothisend],collegestudentsmusthaveagoodcommand[mastery]ofatleastoneforeignlanguage.
Atthistemperature,themetalmelts.
onalargescale(大规模地)
toagreat[large]extent[point,degree](在很大程度上)
in(a)great[large]measure(在很大程度上)
atarate(以某一速率)
atapoint(在某一点上;在某一时刻)
●ataconference[meeting](在会上)
ⅱ.Afteranoun
他们在参加移动通讯国际会议。
Theyareattendinganinternationalconferenceonmobilecommunications.
王教授是雷达专家。
ProfessorWangisanexpertin[on]radar.
theanswer[key]to[for](aproblem)
thesolutionto[of,for](aproblem)
theprefaceto(abook)
anexceptionto(arule)
theresearchon[into;with;for]imageprocessing
thecurrentthrough(acomponent)
thevoltageacross(acomponent)
atangentto…
acorrectionfor[to;of]
increase[decrease;rise;fallreduction;variation]in[of]…
condition[requirement;algorithm,technique,method;language;skill,equation;expression]for…
②Animportantformatofwordcollocation★(whichhasfixedpatternsofitstranslationintoChinese)
Format:
nounofAprepositionB
[AandBherearealsonouns.]
whichcanbefurtherclassifiedasthefollowingthreesub-classes:
ⅰ.The“noun”isanordinaryabstractnoun.
Translationpattern:
“A。
。
。
B的~”
“月球离地球中心的距离为二十四万英里。
”
Thedistanceofthemoonfromthecenteroftheearthis240,000miles.
“温度对半导体电阻的影响必须考虑进去。
”
Theeffectoftemperatureon[upon]theresistanceofsemiconductorsmustbetakenintoaccount.
“本节论述AC与DC相比的一些优点(advantage)。
”
ThissectiondealswiththeadvantagesofACoverDC.
“月亮对地球的吸引力(attraction)引起了潮汐(tide)。
”
Theattractionofthemoonfortheearthcausesthetides.
theratioofAtoB
theeffectofAon[upon]B
thesuperiorityofAtoB
therelationshipofAtoB
theattraction(引力)ofAforB
thesusceptibilityofAtoB
thesensitivityofAtoB
theapplicabilityofAtoB
perpendicularityofAtoB
theimmunityofAto[from]B
familiarityofAwithB
ⅱ.The“noun”comesfromanintransitiveverb,inwhichcase“A”isthelogicalsubjectofthelogicalactionexpressedbythe“noun.”
Translationpattern:
“A。
。
。
B的~”
Thiscurveshowsthedependenceoftheoutputon[upon]theinput.
Thecontrolengineerisusuallyinterestedintheresponseofacontrolsystemtounitstep(单位阶跃),ramp(斜波),andparabolic(抛物)functions.
Theinteractionoftheballwiththegroundiscalledfriction.
●Thissectiondealswiththeactionofanacid(酸)on
metal.
●Considerfirstthecollisionofasinglemoleculewith
thepiston(活塞).
“图1画出了电流随阻抗的变化情况。
”
Fig.1showsthevariationofcurrentwithimpedance.
asafunctionofimpedance
againstimpedance
versus[vs.]impedance.
thepassageofAthroughB
themotionofAround[around]B
thedepartureofAfromB
thedeviationofAfromB
thereactionofAtoB
theinteractionofAwithB
***Aspecialcase:
rise
fall
theincreasein[of]AwithB“A随B的~”
decrease
reduction
Agradualincreaseinresistancewithspeedischaracteristicoffrictionbetweentheboat’sbottomandthewater.
ⅲ.The“noun”comesfromatransitiveverb,inwhichcase“A”isthelogicalobjectoftheactionexpressedbythe“noun.”
Translationtechnique:
The“noun”isputintoatransitiveverbsothatthe“V-O”patternisused.
Insolvingtheproblem,theresolution(分解)ofthisforceintox-andy-components(分量)isnecessary.
Thedefinition(定义)ofelectriccurrentasaflowofchargeisfamiliartoallofus.
Theseparation(分开)ofaluminum(铝)fromitsore(矿)wasverydifficultatthattime.
Inthiscase,exposure(使暴露)ofthebody(人体)tosunlighthelpstoovercomeanemia(贫血)andstimulate(刺激)metabolism(新陈代谢).
Themostfamiliarexampleistheattractionofironorsteelobjectstoapermanentmagnet.
TherelationofEq.(7-21)toEq.(7-22)isshowninFig.8.
acomparisonofAwithB
thetransformationofAinto[to]B
theuseofAasB
theexposureofAtoB
theseparationofAfrom[into]B
theprotectionofAfromB
theisolationofAfromB
thetransferofAtoB
theconversionofAto[into]B
OneMorePattern:
noun(fromvt.)ofA[logicalobject]byB[logicalsubject]
WhatisthedateofthediscoveryofAmericabyColumbus?
Theformulation(确立)ofthetheoryofrelativity(相对论)byEinsteinwasoneofthemostsignificanteventsofthe20thcentury.
NielsBohr,in1913,firstappliedtheseideastotheemissionoflightbyatoms.
***************************************************
E/Ctranslationexerciseinclass:
1.Thesecondandsubsequent(随后的)flip-flops(触发器)toggle(翻转)atfrequenciesone-halforlessthatofthefirst.
2.Inthiscaseitisnecessarytomovethebinarypoint(二进位点)nplacestotheleft.
3.IfthebasicrelationIC=IBweretohold(成立)here,weshouldhaveIC=100mA,andVCE=10–100=–90V,animpossiblesituation.
4.Itispossibletoproduceaninterferencepattern(干涉特性图)byusingtwoidentical(相同的)lasers,somethingthatcannotbedonewithordinarylightsources.
5.Faraday(法拉第)wasunabletocalculatethevelocityofpropagation(传播)ofelectromagneticwaves(电磁波),ataskwhichrequiredthemathematicalprecision(精度)ofMaxwell(麦克斯韦),whichFaradayentirelylacked(缺乏).
6.Thispropertyjustifies(使…正当)ourchoiceoftheaboveconstant(常数)aspositive.
7.Theimportanceofthisdeviceinmoderncommunicationssystemsislargelyduetoitsrealization(实现)asanintegratedcircuit(集成电路).
8.Addressingmodes(寻址方式)aresometimescomputerspecific.
II.SentenceMembers
Thefollowingpointsmaybeimportant.
1.Positionsofanappositive(PayattentiontoitstranslationintoChinese.)
(1)normalpositions
①▲immediatelyfollowedby
②★setoffbyacommafrom
noun③setoffbyacolonfromappositive
④setoffbyadashfrom
⑤setoffbyanintroducingwordorphrasefrom
(namely,thatis,suchas,forexample,...)
Theterm"sensitivity"(灵敏度)isoftenusedinradioengineering.
Theword“radar”comesfromRAdioDetectionAndRanging.
Therigidbody(刚体),abodywithaperfectlydefiniteandunchangingshape,isitselfanidealizedmodel.
Arithmetic(算术),thescienceofnumbers,isthebaseofmathematics.
Thedecibelisonetenthofabel,aunitnamedafterAlexanderGrahamBell.
[Inthelastthreeexamples,theappositiveisoftentranslatedintoaseparatesentence.]
Saltwater(盐水),amixture,ismadeupoftwocompounds(化合物),saltandwater.
(2)specialpositions(asummary)
①appositive,subject~
②~,appositive(anounphrase)
[Theappositiveistranslatedintoaseparatesentence.]
2.Parentheticclause“插入句”(ParenthesiswithanS-Vstructure)—whichmayappearinthemainclauseandinsub-clauses(mainlyinarelativeclause)
***Aruleforitsjudgment:
Itsbeingcrossedoutwon’taffectthemeaningandthestructureofthewholesentence.
(1)inthemainclause
Livingthingstoo,itnowseemscertain,obeythelaws
ofphysicsandchemistry.[≈Itnowseemscertainthat….]
√-1√-1,itwasagreed,shouldbereplaceable(可替换的)atwill(随意地)by–1.[≈Itwasagreedthat~.]
Thedensity(密度)ofasubstance,werecall,isitsmass(质量)perunitvolume(体积).
●Thisband(能带),itisimportanttorealize,ishalf-filled(半满的).
(2)inthesub-clause
LastyearRCAdemonstratedanewtechniqueforawall-hungTVthatitwaspredictedwouldbeontheconsumermarket“closeto1990.”
Themachineseemstodomanytaskswhichonewouldhavethoughtrequiredintelligence.
Thefollowingtablelists(列出了)someofthewaysIfeelthebookmaybeusedtoteacheitherundergraduatesorgraduatestudents(本科生或研究生).
Oneofthemajorproblemswhichfacedmeinwritingthisbookwas“digesting”(消化)thevastliterature(文献)oncomputer-basedlibrarysystemsandpresentingitinwhatIhopeisaclearandconcisemanner.
[Chaplin(卓别林)wascriticizedfornotbeinganAmericancitizenandforhispoliticalviews,whichsomepeoplethoughtleanedtoward(倾向于)communism(共产主义).]
●Youarerequiredtomakeanysimplifyingassumptionsyouthinkarejustified(证明是合理的).
[内含式定语从句]
(3)using“say=letussay”orsometypeof“what-clause”
Aresistorofsay100ohmsmaybeconnectedacrossC2.
Theatomicnumberisequaltothenumberofelectronsperatomor,whatisequivalent,thenumberofprotonspernucleus.
Nowlettheobjectandthereferenceaxesberotated90oclockwiseor,whichamountstothesamething,letusconsiderthegravitatio