GRE.docx

GRE.docx

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GRE

GRE寫作補充講義

一、人物

Michelangelo米開朗琪羅

Euclid歐機裡德

Archimedes阿基米德

Aristotle

Galileo

Kepler

Copernicus

Bruno

Ptolemy

IsaacNewton

Columbus

ThomasEdison

Einstein（Zurich蘇黎世）

Mariecurie（Pierre）

Radioactivityisthestartingpointforcancertreatment,forthedatingtechniquesusedonancientobjects,rocksandtheuniverse,andformolecularbiologyandmoderngenetics;itisalsothesourceofnuclearenergyandtheatomicbomb.

FrankBorman

In1970,ApolloastronautFrankBormanembarkedona12-nationfact-findingmissiontodeterminethefateofAmericanservicemenmissinginVietnam.Thoughhissearchprovedfruitless,hetoldCongress,"Ibegyounottoforsakeyourcountrymenwhohavegivensomuchforyou."

Stephenhawking（ABriefHistoryofTime;sufferfromALS）

Descartes笛卡爾

Kant--kantianism康得

Hegelian--Hegelianism

Schopenhauer叔本華（Germanphilosopher）

Socrates

Plato

以下選自英國文學史：

GeoffreyChaucer

WilliamShakespeare----Hamlet,Sonnet,

FrancisBacon------OfTruth,OfStudies,

JohnMilton------ParadiseLst

JohnBunyan-----ThePilgrim'sProgress

DanielDefoe-----RobinsonCrusoe

JonathanSwift----Gulliver'sTravels

RobertBurns----ARed,RedRose

WilliamWordsworth

GeorgeGordon,LordByron

Shelley

JohnKeats

WalterScott

JaneAusten----PrideandPrejudice

CharlesDickens

CharlotteBronte----JaneEyre

EmilyBronte----WutheringHeights

ThamosHardy

BernardShaw

Lawrence-----SonsandLovers

以下選自美國文學史：

BenjaminFranklin

ThomasJefferson---TheDeclarationofIndependence

WashingtonIrving----TheLegendofSleepyHollow

Emerson

HenryDavidThoreau

HenryWadsworthLongman

WaltWhitman

EmilyDickson

HarrietBeecherStowe

MarkTwain----TheadventuresofTomSawyer

OHenry---TheCopandtheAnthem

HenryJames-----ThePortraitofaLady

JackLondon----TheSeaWolf,MartinEden

ErnestHeminway-----AFarewelltoArms

JohnSteinbeck------TheGrapesofWrath

LeonardodaVinci

Bach巴赫

Beethoven

Mozart

Time-Warner

RollingStones

Rock-and-Roll

Beetles

Dali

Picasso

AndyWarhol

Rodin's"TheThinker"

GeorgeBush

OnJanuary16,1991,PresidentBushorderedthecommencementofOperationDesertStorm,amassiveU.S.-ledmilitaryoffensiveagainstIraqinthePersianGulf.

Inlate1992,BushorderedU.S.troopsintoSomalia,anationdevastatedbydroughtandcivilwar.ThepeacekeepingmissionwouldprovethemostdisastroussinceLebanon,andPresidentClintonabruptlycalleditoffin1993.

JimmyCarter

PresidentCarter'spolicyofplacinghumanrightsrecordsattheforefrontofAmerica'srelationshipswithothernationscontributedtoacoolingofColdWarrelationsinthelate1970s.

In1980,forthefirsttimeinsevenyears,FidelCastroauthorizedemigrationoutofCubabythecountry'scitizens.TheUnitedStateswelcomedtheCubans,butlatertookstepstoslowthetidewhenevidencesuggestedthatCastrowasusingtherefugeeflighttoemptyhisprisons.

NevilleChamberlain

In1938,BritishPrimeMinisterChamberlainsignedtheMunichPactwithAdolfHitler,anagreementthatgaveCzechoslovakiaawaytoNaziconquestwhilebringing,asChamberlainpromised,"peaceinourtime."

ElevenmonthsafterthesigningoftheMunichPact,GermanybrokethepeaceinEuropebyinvadingPoland.AsolemnChamberlainhadnochoicebuttodeclarewar,andWorldWarIIbeganinEurope.

WinstonChurchill

Intheearly1930s,ConservativeM.P.WinstonChurchillissuedunheededwarningsofthethreatofNaziaggressionfromhisseatonaHouseofCommonsbackbench.

WithGermantanksracingacrossFrance,ChurchillspoketotheBritishpeopleforthefirsttimeasprimeminister,andpledgedastruggletothelastbreathagainstNaziconquestandoppression.

Inthesummerof1940,thedemocraciesofcontinentalEuropefelltoGermanyonebyone,leavingGreatBritainaloneinitsresistancetoAdolfHitler.TheNazileaderwasconfidentthatvictoryagainstBritainwouldcomesoon,butChurchillprophesiedotherwise,tellinghiscountrymenthattheBattleofBritainwouldbe"theirfinesthour."

BillClinton

In1994,PresidentClintonauthorizedamilitaryoperationtooverthrowHaiti'smilitarydictatorsandrestoreitsdemocraticallyelectedleader.Ontheeveofinvasion,bloodshedwaspreventedwhenformerpresidentJimmyCarterbrokeredanagreementwithHaiti'sleadersinwhichtheypledgedtogiveuppower.

DwightD.Eisenhower

OnJune5,1944,thesupremeAlliedcommanderorderedcommencementoftheD-Dayinvasion,thelargestcombinedsea,air,andlandmilitaryoperationinhistory.Eisenhowertoldthe3millionmenoftheAlliedExpeditionaryForce,"Theeyesoftheworldareuponyou!

"

In1956,Israel,Britain,andFranceinvadedEgyptinprotestofitsnationalizationoftheSuezCanal.TheU.S.S.R.andtheUnitedStates,bothvyingforgreaterinfluenceintheMiddleEast,forcedthethreenationstoendtheiroccupationofthestrategiccanal.

PrincessesElizabethandMargaret

DuringtheBattleofBritain,thechildrenofKingGeorgeVIdeliveredaradioaddresstoBritishchildrenwhohadbeenevacuatedabroad.PrincessesElizabethandMargaret,liketheirparents,weatheredthedarkdaysofWorldWarIIinBritain.

GeraldFord

NinedaysbeforethefallofSaigon,PresidentFordspokeontheresignationofSouthVietnamesePresidentThieu.Soonafter,theUnitedStateslaunchedamassivehelicopterevacuationoftensofthousandsofanticommunistSouthVietnameseandthelastfewAmericansremaininginthecountry.

MohandasGandhi

In1931,Gandhi,thepoliticalandspiritualleaderoftheIndianindependencemovement,wasreleasedfromprisontoattendtheLondonRoundTableConferenceonIndiaasthesolerepresentativeoftheIndianNationalCongress.

MikhailGorbachev

AsleaderoftheU.S.S.R.,MikhailGorbachevwasagreatforceforpeace,evenatthecostoftheSovietgovernment'sdownfallafter74yearsinpower.

AdolfHitler

AfewdaysbeforehisoccupationoftheSudetenland,aconfidentHitleraddressedaNazirallyatBerlin'sSportpalaststadium,andreassuredthecrowdthatifwarcamewithBritainandFrancetheGermanWehrmachtwouldbevictorious.

PopeJohnPaulII

In1995,thepopeaddressedtheUnitedNationsontheoccasionofits50thanniversary.ReaffirminghissupportoftheidealsandgoalsoftheU.N.,hepraisedtheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsandcalledfortheU.N.tobecomethemoralcenterofafamilyofnations.

JohnF.Kennedy

Attheir1961summitmeeting,SovietleaderKhrushchevgreatlyunderestimatedPresidentKennedy,whowasnotabouttobreakhisinauguralvowto"payanyprice,bearanyburden"toprotectdemocracyintheworld.

NikitaKhrushchevandRichardNixon

InadefiningmomentoftheColdWar,VicePresidentNixonandSovietleaderKhrushchevengagedinanimpromptudebateaboutthemeritsanddisadvantagesofcapitalismandcommunism.Theexchange,whichtookplaceinMoscowinfrontofareplicaofasuburbanAmericankitchen,wasknownasthe"KitchenDebate."

DouglasMacArthur

OnSeptember2,1945,aboardtheUSSMissouriinTokyoBay,themostdestructivewarinhumanhistoryofficiallycametoanendasrepresentativesoftheJapanesegovernmentandmilitarysignedtheircountry'sunconditionalsurrender.

AfterclashingwithPresidentTrumanoverwarpolicy,MacArthurwasrelievedofhiscommandofU.N.forcesinKoreaandreturnedtotheU.S.forthefirsttimesincebeforeWorldWarII.Givenahero'swelcome,headdressedajointmeetingofCongress,wherehedeclared,"Oldsoldiersneverdie,theyjustfadeaway."

RichardNixon

In1973,afterfiveyearsoftalks,theUnitedStatesandNorthVietnamreachedapeaceagreementtoendU.S.involvementinVietnam.Twoyearslater,SaigonfelltoNorthVietnameseforcesandVietnamwasunifiedunderCommunistrule.

RonaldReagan

In1984,Reagancalledforaninternationalbanonchemicalweapons.Sixyearslater,PresidentBushandSovietleaderGorbachevwouldsignahistoricagreementtoceaseproductionandbegindestructionofbothnations'sizablereserves.

In1987,duringavisittoBerlin,thepresidentmadeadramaticpleatoSovietleaderMikhailGorbachevto"teardown"theBerlinWall.Twoyearslater,Berlinerswoulddosoontheirownaccord.

FranklinD.Roosevelt

ThedayafterJapan'sattackonPearlHarbor,PresidentRooseveltaddressedajointsessionofCongress,andproclaimedDecember7"adatewhichwillliveininfamy."Withonlyonedissent,CongressgrantedhisrequestforanofficialdeclarationofwaragainstJapan.

Twomonthsbeforehisdeath,RooseveltmetWinstonChurchillandJosephStalinforthelasttimeatYaltaintheU.S.S.R.The"BigThree"leadersdiscussedmilitaryconsiderationsinthewaragainstGermanyandJapan,andcompromisedontheirvisionsofthepostwarworldorder.

Tito

In1963,Tito,theindependent-mindedcommunistleaderofYugoslaviasince1945,visitedtheUnitedStatesduringatouroftheAmericas.

HarryTruman

ThreedaysafterthebombingofHiroshima,PresidentTrumanwarnedJapanoffurtheratomicattacksuntilitsurrendered.Whennoanswercame,heauthorizedthedroppingofasecondatomicbombonNagasaki.Sixdayslater,Japansurrendered.

In1949,TrumansignedtheNorthAtlanticTreatywith10EuropeannationsandCanada--establishingtheNATOmilitaryalliance.

二、Events

1.Medicineandbiology

1348:

BlackPlague

ThebubonicplaguekilledonethirdofEurope'spopulationbetween1348and1350,makingitthemostdeadlyepidemicsincethesixthcentury.Withnocureavailable,andnoclueastowhatcausedthedisease,manybelieveditwasGod'spunishmentforsinfulbehavior.Theplaguehadamassiveeffectoneveryaspectofsoci