胡壮麟语言学笔记新整理版本.docx

胡壮麟语言学笔记新整理版本.docx

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胡壮麟语言学笔记新整理版本

第一章

Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics

Teachingaims:

letthestudentshavethegeneralideaaboutlanguageandlinguistics.

Teachingdifficulties:

designfeaturesoflanguage;someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics

Teachingprocedures

1.language

1.1Whystudylanguage?

为什么学习语言

Atoolforcommunication交流的工具

Anintegralpartofourlifeandhumanity人类生活和人性中不可或缺的一部分.

Ifwearenotfullyawareofthenatureandmechanismofourlanguage,wewillbeignorantofwhatconstitutesouressentialhumanity.如果不能完全理解语言的本质和结构,我们就会对人类的本质一无所知.

1.2Whatislanguage?

什么是语言

1.2.1differentsensesoflanguage语言的不同意义

1.whatapersonsays（concreteactofspeech）

aperson’sconsistentwayofspeakingorwriting

aparticularlevelofspeakingorwritinge.g.colloquiallanguage

anabstractsystem

2.Awebster’sNewDictionraryoffersafrequentlyusedsenseoftheword“language”:

a.humanspeech人类的言语

b.theabilitytocommunicatebythismeans通过言语来交流的能力

c.asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed,usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelings;用来表达或交流思想和感觉的一套声音及这些声音互相结合的系统

d.thewrittenrepresentationofsuchasystem系统的文字表达

3.thebarestofdefinition,languageisameansofverbalcommunication.最简洁的定义:

语言是言语交流的一种方式.

Languageisinstrumentalinthatcommunicatingbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact.Itissocialandconventionalinthatlanguageisasocialsemiosticandcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroadunderstandingofhumaninteractionincludingsuchassociatedfactorsasnonverbalcues,motivation,andsocio-culturalroles.Languagedistinguishesusfromanimals.因为说和写的交流方式是一种有目的的行为,所以语言是实用性的;因为语言是社会符号,语言的交流只能在所有参与者广泛理解了人类的那些非言语的暗示,动机,社会文化角色等等互相关联的因素之后才能有效进行,因此语言又是社会的,约定俗成的.语言使人类区别于动物.

1.2.2definitions

一.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

Whatiscommunication?

Aprocessinwhichinformationistransmittedfromasource（senderorspeaker）toagoal（receiverorlistener）.

Asystem----sinceelementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrulessystematically,ratherthanrandomly.Theycannotbearrangedatwill.e.g.Hethetablecleaned.（×）bkli（×）

Whydowesaylanguageisarbitrary?

Arbitrary----thereisnointrinsic（logic）connectionbetweenalinguisticformanditsmeaning,betweenthesoundsthatpeopleuseandtheobjectstowhichthesesoundsrefer.Thisexplainsandisexplainedbythefactthatdifferentlanguagehavedifferentwordsforthesameobject,itisgoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.itisonlyourtacitagreementofutteranceandconceptatworkandnotanyinnaterelationshipboundupintheutterance.Atypicalexampletoillustratethearbitraryoflanguageisafamousquotationfromshakepeare’splay:

”RomeoandJuliet:

Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.一朵玫瑰不管它叫什么名字,闻起来都是一样香的.

Symbols----wordsarejustthesymbolsassociatedwithobjects,actions,andideasbynothingbutconvention.Namely,peopleusethesoundsorvovalformstosymbolizewhattheywishtoreferto.

Vocal--------theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.Writingsystemscamemuchlaterthanthespokenforms.Thefactthatsmallchildrenlearnandcanonlylearntospeakandlistenbeforetheywriteorreadalsoindicatesthatlanguageisprimarilyvocal,ratherthanwritten.

Writingsystemscameintobeingmuchlaterthanthespokenforms.

Peoplewithlittleornoliteracycanalsobecompetentlanguageusers.

Human----languageishuman-specific.

Humanbeingshavedifferentkindsofbrainsandvocalcapacity.

“LanguageAcquisitionDevice”（LAD）

二.Whatcharacteristicsoflangaugedoyouthinkshouldbeincludedinagood,comprenhensivedefinitionoflanguage?

Languageisarule-governedsystem;langaugeisbasicallyvocal;langaugeisarbitrary;langagueisusedforhumancommunication.

1.3Designfeaturesoflanguage语言的结构特征

Designfeatures------referstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Theyarearbitrariness,duality,creativity/productivity,displacement,cluturaltransmissionandinterchangeability.

Designfeatures-----arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.（指决定了人类语言性质的特征.例如任意性,二重性,创造性,移位性,文化转移性等.）

TheAmericanlinguistCharlesHockettspecifiedtwelvedesignfeatures.

Whatisarbitrariness?

任意性

a.arbitrariness----arbitrariness（任意性）:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.（人类语言的本质特征之一,指语言符号的形式与意义之间没有自然的联系.）

ItwasdiscussedbySaussurefirst.Thelinkbetweenthemisamatterofconvention.

E.g.“house”uchi（Japanese）

Mansion（F