TOFELmoni2.docx

TOFELmoni2.docx

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TOFELmoni2

Jazzhasbeencalled“theartofexpressionsettomusic”,and“America’sgreatcontributiontomusic”.Ithasfunctionedaspopularartandenjoyedperiodsoffairlywidespreadpublicresponse,inthe“jazzage”ofthe1920s,inthe“swingera”ofthelate1930sandinthepeakpopularityofmodernjazzinthelate1950s.ThestandardlegendaboutJazzisthatitoriginatedaroundtheendofthe19thcenturyinNewOrleansandmoveduptheMississippiRivertoMemphis,St.Louis,andfinallytoChicago.ItweldedtogethertheelementsofRagtime,marchingbandmusic,andtheBlues.However,theinfluencesofwhatledtothoseearlysoundsgoesbacktotribalAfricandrumbeatsandEuropeanmusicalstructures.BuddyBolden,aNewOrleansbarberandcornetplayer,isgenerallyconsideredtohavebeenthefirstrealJazzmusician,around1891.

 WhatmadeJazzsignificantlydifferentfromtheotherearlierformsofmusicwastheuseofimprovisation.Jazzdisplayedabreakfromtraditionalmusicwhereacomposerwroteanentirepieceofmusiconpaper,leavingthemusicianstobreaktheirbacksplayingexactlywhatwaswrittenonthescore.InaJazzpiece,however,thesongissimplyastartingpoint,orsortofskeletalguidefortheJazzmusicianstoimprovisearound.Actually,manyoftheearlyJazzmusicianswerebadsightreadersandsomecouldn’tevenreadmusicatall. Generallyspeaking,theseearlymusicianscouldn’tmakeverymuchmoneyandwerestuckworkingmenialjobstomakealiving.ThesecondwaveofNewOrleansJazzmusiciansincludedsuchmemorableplayersasJoeOliver,KidOry,andJellyRollMorton.Thesemenformedsmallbandsandtookthemusicofearliermusicians,improveditscomplexity,andgainedgreatersuccess.Thismusicisknownas“hotJazz”duetotheenormouslyfastspeedsandrhythmicdrive.

 AyoungcornetplayerbythenameofLouisArmstrongwasdiscoveredbyJoeOliverinNewOrleans.Hesoongrewuptobecomeoneofthegreatestandmostsuccessfulmusiciansofalltime,andlateroneofthebiggeststarsintheworld.TheimpactofArmstrongandothertalentedearlyJazzmusicianschangedthewaywelookatmusic.

1. ThePassageanswerswhichofthefollowingquestions?

（a） WhydidRagtime,marchingbandmusic,andtheBlueslosepopularityafterabout1900?

（b） WhatweretheoriginsofJazzandhowdiditdifferfromotherformsofmusic?

（c） Whathasbeenthegreatestcontributionofcornetplayerstomusicinthetwentiethcentury?

（d） WhichearlyJazzmusiciansmostinfluencedthedevelopmentofBluesmusic?

2. Accordingtothepassage,Jazzoriginatedin

（a） Chicago

（b） St.Louis

（c） alongtheMississippiriver

（d） NewOrleans

3. Theword“welded”inline6isclosestinmeaningto

（a） squeezed

（b） bound

（c） added

（d） stirred

4. WhichofthefollowingdistinguishedJazzasanewformofmusicalexpression?

（a） theuseofcornets

（b） “hotJazz”

（c） improvisation

（d） NewOrleans

5. Theword“skeletal”inline15isclosestinmeaningto

（a） framework

（b） musical

（c） basic

（d） essential

6. Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

（a） manyearlyJazzmusicianshadpoorsight

（b） thereisnoslowmusicinJazz

（c） manyearlyJazzmusicianshadlittleformalmusicaltraining

（d） thecornetisthemostcommonmusicalinstrumentusedinJazz

7. Theword“menial”inline18isclosestinmeaningto

（a） mens

（b） attractive

（c） degrading

（d） skilled

8. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbelongedtothesecondwaveofNewOrleansJazzmusicians?

（a） LouisArmstrong

（b） BuddyBolden

（c） St.Louis

（d） JoeOliver

9. AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT

（a） thelate1930swascalledthe“swingera”

（b） “hotJazz”isrhythmic

（c） JazzhasbeensaidtobeAmerica’sgreatestcontributiontomusic

（d） JoeOliverisgenerallyconsideredtobethefirstrealJazzmusician

10. Theword“its”inline21refersto

（a） smallbands

（b） earliermusic

（c） men

（d） earliermusicians

11. Whichofthefollowingtermsisdefinedinthepassage?

（a） “improvisation”（line12）

（b） “traditional”（line12）

（c） “composer”（line12）

（d） “score”（line14）   

Questions12-21

TheMoonhasbeenworshippedbyprimitivepeoplesandhasinspiredhumanstocreateeverythingfromlunarcalendarstolovesonnets,butwhatdowereallyknowaboutit?

ThemostacceptedtheoryabouttheoriginoftheMoonisthatitwasformedofthedebrisfromamassivecollisionwiththeyoungEarthabout4.6billionyearsago.Ahugebody,perhapsthesizeofMars,strucktheEarth,throwingoutanimmenseamountofdebristhatcoalescedandcooledinorbitaroundtheEarth.

ThedevelopmentofEarthisinextricablylinkedtothemoon;theMoon’sgravitationalinfluenceupontheEarthistheprimarycauseofoceantides.Infact,theMoonhasmorethantwicetheeffectuponthetidesthandoestheSun.TheMoonmakesone